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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Initiation |
Inherit a genetic predisposition to develop an additiok Multiple genes -focus on A1 variant of DRD2 gene -involved in regulation of dopamine levels May increase sensitivity to action of dopamine SLC6A3-9 ( responsible for removing dopanime from synapse) |
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Maintenance |
The meso limbic dopamine system which is concerned with memory, reward and motivational processes- is involved with maintanence In normal activity, cells in the meso limbic system releases dopamine into the synapse, addictive substances and behaviours increases dopamine levels Addicts continue with their addiction in order to experience hights at increasing dopamine levels due to developing tolerances. Falling levels lead to withdrawal symptoms |
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Relapse |
Substances ( nicotine ) activate dopamine reward pathways which causes the brain to adapt to the new levels ( neuroadaptation ) Adaptation not needed whrn substance isnt there so withdrawal symptoms could be experienced that are unpleasant |
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Evaluation comparing to other approachs |
Doesnt explain initiation as well as the behavioural or cognitive approach |
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Evaluation - led to effective treatment |
Such as nicotine replacement therapy for smoking |
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Evaluation absolves addicts of responsibility |
If the causes of addiction are due to genes or dopamine levels, this relieves the addict of taking responsibility for their addiction and makes it less likely that treatment will be successful |
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Evaluation- best explanation-biopsychosocial model |
Involving an interaction of factors - biological vulnerability involving the brains reward systems -family/ peer attitudes that support addictive behaviour -high levels of impulsivity / cognitive distortions |
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Application to smoking -initiation |
A meta analysis by thorgeirsson et al analysed data from 140,000 people and have discovered that there are DNA variants associated with whether people start smoking, it is convincing evidence due to large sample size |
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Initiation application to smoking, however |
The stufy shows a correlation between starting smoking and genetic not causation. It is likely that genetics only lead to a predisposition to become dependent An environmental trigger e.g. peer influence is needed to start the addiction |
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Application to smoking -maintenance |
Schachter conducted a double blind study with adult smokers. Over a 4 week period ppts alternated between smoking high and low nicotine cigarettes. They smoked low nicotine cigarettrs for a week and high nicotine cigarettes the next. As the model predicts the subjects smoked more low than high nicotine cigarettes. This effect was especially strong for heavy smokers, who smoked 25% more of the low than high nicotine cigarettes |
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Application to smoking -relapse |
Lerman tested smokers when they had abstained from smoking for one night and found increased blood flow to the parts of the brain associated with memory, reward and learning showing that these parts of the brain do become particularly active when a person is craving a cigarette |
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Application to gambling - initiation |
Slutske looked at concordace rates of MZ and DZ twins in relation to gambling addiction. She studied nearly 5000 individuals and found that the concordance rate was twice as high for MZ twins as for DZ twins |
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Application to gambling- maintenance |
Chase and clark studied 24 regular gamblers. They completed a computerized gambling gamr based on slot machines whilst their mid brains were scanned using fMRI. Increased activity in the mesolimbic system resulted from wins but crucially also from near missed. In addiction the higher the level of gambling severity the greater the response recorded |
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Application to gambling - relapse |
Stopping gambling results in the same kind of withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping drugs |
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Application to gambling - relapse - wray and dickerson |
Found 60% of pathological gamblers reported physical side effects during withdrawal and these were sometimes more severe than those reported by a comparison group during withdrawal |