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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cause's DNA to unzip during DNA replition
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Helicase
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Cause's the re-pairing, and catches mistakes during DNA replication
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DNA polymerase I
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Corrects mistakes during DNA replication
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DNA polymerase III
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Forms Hydrogen bonds and Final bonding in DNA replication
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Ligase
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Recoils DNA to complete DNA replication
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Gyrase
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What is DNA replication
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The process by which DNA duplicates itself prior to cell divison
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What is trascription of mRNA
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The process by which mRNA is made from info encoded by a gene (limited DNA site)
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In mRNA what is the range of nucleotides
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100-1000's nucleotides long
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what is any sequence of 3 nitrogen bases or Nucleotides
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Codon
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How many Codon combo's are there. How many code for an amino acid?
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64 total. 61 code for amino acid
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Cause's DNA to unzip during DNA replition
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Helicase
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Cause's the re-pairing, and catches mistakes during DNA replication
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DNA polymerase I
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Corrects mistakes during DNA replication
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DNA polymerase III
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Forms Hydrogen bonds and Final bonding in DNA replication
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Ligase
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Recoils DNA to complete DNA replication
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Gyrase
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What is the start codon
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AUG, Methionine
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Name the 3 stop codon's
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UAA, UAG, UGA,
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What is Translation
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The change of gentic info carried by mRNA into an amino acid chain or protien.
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What are the 6 Gateways to infection
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Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, fecal bacteria (exit), respiratory, Urogential, Pregnancy, Nonsocomial (dr visits)
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How many Cells in the human body
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75 trillon
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What is a Mutation
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Any perminate inheritable change in Gentic info of a cell.
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How many Mutations occur daily
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7,500
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What is level of mutation is said to be high and what level is said to be low
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10,00000 10-5th power is low
10,0000000000 10-10th power is high mutation. |
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What are the 3 causes of mutation.
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Chemical, Radiation, Just happens.
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What are some examples of chemically caused mutations
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Petrolium products (cancerious) Nitrous Acid, Agent orange
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What is Agent orange
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the cemicals 2,4,5-T and 2-4-D mixed together.
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What are some examples of Radiation caused mutations
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X-rays, Gama Rays, ultra violate rays (sun)
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What is the addition, deletion or substitution of 1 or more bases in the gentic code
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point Mutation
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Causes the production of nonfuctional or different protien
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Missense
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Causes the production of nonsense condon out of sequence. give example
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Nonsence mutation.
example: Aug-uAA start-stop |
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to alture a nucleotide but not change the amino acid or protien is?
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a Silent Mutation
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When a gene reverts to its original base it is?
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A back Mutation, DNA polymerase
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When 1 base is either added or deleted it is
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A frameshift mutation
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How does lysozyme fight infections. and give example of where lysozymes are found
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attack peptidoglycans(cell wall) of bacteria
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How does normal flora cause infections.
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Because its an Endogenous spred(found all over the body) it is opertunistic can cause infection from wound or take advantage
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What normal flora is found on the skin
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Staphylocccus Mircococcus Corynebacterium Propionibacterium. Malassezia (fungi) Demodix(animals)mange
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What normal flora is found in the mouth
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strep. Nesseria Staph.
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What normal flora is found in the stomach
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none
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Normal flora is the Intestine
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Eubacterium, Clostridiumm step. E-coli
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What normal flora is in the Urinary tract
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Staph, Strep
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What % of blood is made up of Erythrocytes. and what do they do
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Carry oxigen, 45%
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What % of blood is made up of plamsa
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55%. Mostly warter
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What % of blood is made up of platlets(thrombocytes)
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Less then 1%
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what is a normal White blood count (leukocytes)
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5000-9000
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What is a high white blood count
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15,000
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What white blood count is a indication of Leukemia
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21,000+
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What is Granular white cells
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Large and visible (chemical pockets) and broken down by PH dye's
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What is Agranular white cells
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Small or nondisernable (chemical pockets)broken down by function. Have X-large nucleous
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What Percetage of White blood cells are Neutrophil's. And what are there primary Charactoristics
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65%. prefer neutral PH (stain with a neutral dye) they active phagocytes (army T-cell) active cell eaters
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What percetage of white blood cells are Eosinophil. And primary Charactoristics
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3%. stain with acid dye. They distroy chemical infections. cause inflamation and respond to alergy
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What percetage of white cells are basophil. and primary function
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less the 1% ph basic. respond to worm (fungi) infection and some alergy inflamation
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What 3 leukocytes are Granular
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Neutrophil, Eosinophil, basophil.
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What 2 lymphocytes are Agranular
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
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What % of white cells are Lymphocites and primary function
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25% include T-cell (killer cells) B-cell(form antibodys)
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What % of white cells are Monocytes and primary function
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5% largest of white blood cells (ambush) wedge inside muscle tissue and grab invaders
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What is the lymphatic system made up of in basic terms
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Network of glans and ducts that filter blood. (smokers lyphatic system is gummed up)
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What is the reason for Inflammation
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Swelling & fever increase blood flow to infected area,where it fights infection temp increase also hurts antigen's
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What is an Antigen. give examples
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forgien invaders. bacteria, virus, venom, poison,
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What is the antigenic determinant site
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unique feature to antigen. site which an antibody attaches to an antigen.
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What is Valance
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The number of Antgenic Determinat sites.
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What is an Antibody
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protien produced by B-cell that attacks a specific antigen.
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What is the atigenic variable site
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The site on the Antibody that attaches to the Antigen each antibody can cover 2 antigenic determinate sites
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What is the percentage shape and function of IgG antibodys. how are they transfered
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80%. monomer, provide long term immunity. tranfered threw placenta only
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What is the percentage shape and function of IgM antibodys
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6% Petamer. Cluster or group antigen pull antibody to one place
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What is the percentage shape and function of IgA antibodys
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13% Dimer, Cluster or group antigen, found in mucus membrain and milk
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What is the percentage shape and function of IgD antibodys
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1%, monomer. B-cell receptor site triger b-cell to react
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What is the percentage shape and function of IgE antibodys
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.0002% monomers, fight off worm infection (main causes of alergy's)
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What constitutes active immunity
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20years+ last a long time
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what constitutes passive immunity.
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short lived less then 20 years.
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What are the 3 forms of active immunity. give examples
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Species: gained becase you are a specific species
Inate: gained due to geography ie Sicle Cell/malaria Individual:family traits/life experiences |
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What is Active artifical immunity
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20years+ from vaccine (must be given)
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What is passive natural immunity
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short lived 3-4 years. gained by recoverey of infection.
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What is Passive artifical immunity
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Short Lived, Vaccination. Example: MMR DPT shots. mesals,mumps rebela. diptheria, pertosis, tetnis
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What are some examples of Vaccines from killed whole bacteria
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Bubonic plague. Cholera, anthrax,
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What are some examples of live attenuated bacteria(not viable but still alive)
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TB, Typhoid
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What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
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Meningococle meningitis
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What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
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Meningococle meningitis
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What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
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Meningococle meningitis
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What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
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Meningococle meningitis
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What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
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Meningococle meningitis
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What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
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Botulism. DPT
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What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
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Botulism. DPT
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What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
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Botulism. DPT
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What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
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rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
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What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
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Botulism. DPT
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What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
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MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
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What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
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rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
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What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
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rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
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What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
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Botulism. DPT
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What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
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rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
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What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
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rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
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What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
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MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
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What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
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MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
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What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
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MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
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What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
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todays flu. ie Flu shots
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What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
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todays flu. ie Flu shots
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What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
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Hep-B. Pretosis
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What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
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Hep-B. Pretosis
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Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
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Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
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Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
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Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
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Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
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Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
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What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
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MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
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Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
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Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
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What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
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todays flu. ie Flu shots
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Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
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Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
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What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
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Hep-B. Pretosis
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What the high weight characters of bacteria
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Gram stain #1
shape arangement oxigen requirement spore production firmation test |
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Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
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Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
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What the low weight characters of bacteria
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habitat
motility size temp growth range growth charactoristics |
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Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
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Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
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What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
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Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
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Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
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Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
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What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
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90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - |
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Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
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Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
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What does [+] and [-] mean
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75-90% react+ or dont -
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What the high weight characters of bacteria
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Gram stain #1
shape arangement oxigen requirement spore production firmation test |
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What the low weight characters of bacteria
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habitat
motility size temp growth range growth charactoristics |
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What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
|
Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
|
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What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
|
90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - |
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What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
|
todays flu. ie Flu shots
|
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Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
|
Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
|
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What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
|
Hep-B. Pretosis
|
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Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
|
Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
|
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Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
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Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
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Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
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Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
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Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
|
Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
|
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What the high weight characters of bacteria
|
Gram stain #1
shape arangement oxigen requirement spore production firmation test |
|
Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
|
Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
|
|
What the low weight characters of bacteria
|
habitat
motility size temp growth range growth charactoristics |
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Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
|
Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
|
|
What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
|
Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
|
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What the high weight characters of bacteria
|
Gram stain #1
shape arangement oxigen requirement spore production firmation test |
|
What does [+] and [-] mean
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75-90% react+ or dont -
|
|
What the low weight characters of bacteria
|
habitat
motility size temp growth range growth charactoristics |
|
What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
|
Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
|
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What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
|
90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - |
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What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
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90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - |
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What does [+] and [-] mean
|
75-90% react+ or dont -
|
|
What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
|
todays flu. ie Flu shots
|
|
What does [+] and [-] mean
|
75-90% react+ or dont -
|
|
What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
|
Hep-B. Pretosis
|
|
Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
|
Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
|
|
Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
|
Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
|
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Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
|
Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
|
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Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
|
Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
|
|
What the high weight characters of bacteria
|
Gram stain #1
shape arangement oxigen requirement spore production firmation test |
|
What the low weight characters of bacteria
|
habitat
motility size temp growth range growth charactoristics |
|
What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
|
Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
|
|
What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
|
90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - |
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What does [+] and [-] mean
|
75-90% react+ or dont -
|
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What does D mean in bergeys
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25-75 react/dont react
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What are primary charactoristic of the Staphlyococci Group of Bacteria
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Gram + never produce spores
facultative, anaerobic, Pygenic (puss former) Some are hemolytic(break down blood) |
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What is the Charactoristics of Staph Aureus
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Produce Coagulas(cause blood clots) Toxic shock syn, and are Beta-hemolytic, attact break down B-cell
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What the the Symtoms of Staph Aureaus
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Blood infection, cause heart attack, stoke, eat skin, Beta hemolytic
|
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How is Staph Aureus transmited
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Cut, Legion, Surgery
|
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What is a good Treatment of Staph infections
|
Penacillan. Cephalosporins
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What are good ways to control Staph
|
Antibodys and good anticeptic practice
|
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What are the Charactoristic of Staph Saprophyticus
|
Non-coagulase. non-hemolitic
|
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What are the symtoms of staph saprophyticus
|
Unrinary track infections (common in women)
|
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What is Staph Saprophyticus transmitted
|
Opertunitic. IE normal flora to Urinary track
|
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What are the charactoristics of Staph epidermidis
|
Non-coagulase. blood infection
|
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What are the main Charactoristic of the Steptococci Group
|
gram+ capsule+
White spred A-V types (A severe b less severe) Worst are A,B,C,D (beta hemolitic) |
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What are the Characteristics of strep pyogenes
|
Puss formers.
|
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What are the symptoms of strep Pyogenes
|
Farengitis(strep throat)advance to Rhumatic Fever(heart valves) damage kidneys(scarlet fever)cause death
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How is strep pyogenes spred
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Airsols(from the mouth air born)
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What is a good treatment for for Strep infections
|
Penacillan, Erythromycin
|
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What are some ways of Controling strep Pyogenes
|
Rapid treatment. Removal of Tonsils
|
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What are the Characteristics of Strep Agalactiae
|
Beta hemolitic, Common in Vaginal track, intestines pharax. *not normal flora
|
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how is Strep Agalactiae spred
|
Children exposed during birthing process, opertunitics
|
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What are the characteristics of strep Faecalis Type D*
|
Alpha and beta-hemolitic comming in intestine(mamals)
|
|
What are the Symptoms of Strep Faecalis.
|
Urinary track infection(severe) endocarditis(inflamation of the heart)
|
|
How is Strep Faecalis(enterococcus spred)
|
Opetunistic
|
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What are the Charactoristics of Strep Mutans Type N
|
Non-hemolitic, big acid producer, normal-flora in mouth causes cavities(dental term is carries)
|
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What are the symtoms of strep Mutans
|
Teeth Rott
|
|
What is the Treatment of Strep Mutans
|
Fill or remove infected tooth/teeth
|
|
What is a good way to control Strep Mutans
|
Proper dental hygene
|
|
What are the charactoristic of Strep Pneumoniae (diploccous)
|
Alpha hemolitic common in respratory track (80 stains) *not normal floral. effects mostly children
|
|
How is Strep Pneumoniae spred
|
Airsol
|
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What is a good control of Strep Pneumoniae
|
un-controlable a weak vaccine is availble for high risk ppl only 50% of the population are carriers.
|
|
What are the Symtoms of Strep Pneumoniae
|
Respratory infection 30% mortality rate.
|
|
What are the charactoristics of Neisseria group
|
Gram negative, falcutative, anaerobic,
|
|
What are the Charactoristics of Neiesseria gonorrhoeae
|
Diplococcus
|
|
What are the symptoms of Neiesseria gonnorrhoeae
|
Ferments Glucose, mild burning sensation during urination
|
|
What are the 2 forms of Gonorrhoeae
|
Venereal (Sexual transmission) and Congenital From the birthing process eye infection can cause blindess
|
|
What is the treatment of Gonnorrhoeae
|
Ceftriaxone. Quinolone, spectinomycin. Silver-nitrate drops in the eyes(congenital)
|
|
What are the Charactoristics of Neisseria meningitidis
|
Small children high risk, grows in the nasal passages moves to the brain.
|
|
What are The symtoms of Neisseria Meningitidis
|
Headache, fever,stiff neck, coma, shock, cardiac failure, can kill in 24hrs
|
|
How ia Meningitidis spred
|
Airsol
|
|
What is the treatment for Meningitidis
|
Penacillin, ampicillin
|
|
How can you control Meningitidis
|
Most ppl have good immunity. poor (ineffctive vaccine available) and isolation
|