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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the procedure for handling samples to prevent contamination by microorgansims in the environment?
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aseptic technique
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What are organisms that grow and multiply in a container of culture medium?
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culture
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What is the media of agar and nutrients for sampling the surface of the environment?
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rodac
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What is the basic medium that contains nutrient and agar only?
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TBAB plate
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What is the lens closest to the viewer in a compound light microscope?
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ocular lense
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What is the lends in a compound microscope that is closest to the specimen?
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objective lense
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What is the lens system that is located below the microscope stage that directs light rays up through the specimen?
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condenser
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What is the shutter-like structure within the condenser that regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen?
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iris diaphragm
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What is the flat platform between the upper lens system and lower set of devices for providing light with a hole in the center allowing light to pass through?
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stage
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What is used to make great changes in raising and lowering the stage?
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coarse adjustment
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What is the small outer know used only for adjustments when looking through the microscope on oil immersion?
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fine adjustment
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What is the amount a viewed specimen is enlarged by a lens?
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magnification
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What is 10x on the microscope?
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The objects is viewed ten times larger than it appears normally through the unaided eye.
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What is the magnification of a specimen, determined by the multiplication of ocular lens by the objective lens objectives?
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total magnification
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What is the numerical value in a lens system that indicates the amount of clearance between the slide and the bottom of the objective lens?
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working distance
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What is increased detail at high magnification?
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resolution
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What does oil immersion do?
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improves resolution and does not increase the magnificaton
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What allows the object to remain in focus as you swith from one objective to the other?
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parfocal
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Why should you wash your hands if you get immersion oil on them?
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carcinogen
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What are the 7 steps of the spill procedure?
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1. Notify everyone so they don't walk in it.
2.Tell the teacher 3.Flood spill with bleach 4.Glove up 5.Wipe up spill with paper towels, and then place in biohazard container. 6.Wash hands. 7. For spills on the body, use lysol soak and scrub with soap. |
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What is the state of being free of pathogenic organisms?
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asepsis
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How are petri dishes stored?
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bottoms up
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What does TBAB stand for?
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tryptic blood agar base
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What is the device that is used as light source for the microscope?
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the illuminator
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What is the lens system composed of?
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condenser,objective,ocular lenses
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What does resolution allow for?
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increased detail at high magnification
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What is the max resolution using oil immersion lens?
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.2um
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What is it called that different media refract at different angles?
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refractive index
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What is the other name for micrometer or nanometer?
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micron and millimicron
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What is a micrometer equal to and nanometer?
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10-6 meter
10-9 meter |
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What is the method to be used when measure things in micrometers?
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oil immersion lens
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What is the microscope to be used when something measures in nanometers?
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electron microscope
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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Duplicate every twenty minutes, and those new bacteria duplicate after another twenty minutes.
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What is the nutrient material prepared for growth of microorganisms in a lab?
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culture medium
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What is added to nutrient medium to make it gel-like?
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agar
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What is the growth of bacterial cells on a solid medium that results from a single bacterium?
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colony
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What is the external appearance of colonies in culture that include form,elevation,and margins?
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colony morphology
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What is the growth of microorgansims that contains more than one organism?
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mixed culture
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What is the growth of bacterial cells that originated as a single bacterium usually picked and transferred ?
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pure culture
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What is the selection of bacteria from one culture for growth in a different culture without contamination by unwanted microorganisms?
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aseptic transfer
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What is the creation of differences in the biochemical composition of the cell wall parallel their gram reactions?
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gram stain mechanism
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What is affected in organisms when a gram stain is applied?
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cell wall
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What type of gram organism has bacterial cell walls that are rich in mucopolysaccarides that enable the cell to resist decolorizer?
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gram positive
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What is the gram organism that have a cell wall high in lipid content and alcohol breaks down the lipid allowing the crystal violet-iodine complex to escape from the cell wall?
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gram negative
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What are three things used to identify a microbe?
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1. gross appearance of its growth
2. growth requirements of its environment that are necessary for support 3.staining properties |
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What is the purpose of the agar streak method?
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The mass of the media is diluted out through the four quads.
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What quadrant is significant?
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The quad D is most significant, because there will be isolated colonies grown, which can be used in id testing.
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What is the purpose of the slant streak method?
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The purpose for streaking is for storage of microbiologic stock.
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What happens if microbiologists allow for the bacteria in a slant to consume all of the nutrients/.
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They risk losing that particular line of bacteria.
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What is the purpose of the broth inoculating method?
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So that large quantities of bacteria can be grown in a short time.
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What color do gram positive and negative cells stain?
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positive-purple
negative-red |
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Which gram cell walls are thick or thin?
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positive-thick
negative-thin |
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What are the layers that make up gram cells?
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peptidoglycan
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Which gram cell type has an outer membrane?
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gram negatives
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What is a disease-causing organism?
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pathogen
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What is when a characteristic is distinctive for a particular disease or condition?
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pathognomic
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Who invented the gram stain?
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Christian Gram
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What does the gram stain allow for?
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visualation of the gram stain and and putting them into one of the 2 groups
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What stains the bacteria purple?
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crystal violet
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What is a chemical that fixes chemical dyes into or onto a substance by combining with the dye to form an insoluble compound?
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mordant
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What color does the bacteria turn with the addition of iodine?
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blue-purple
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What chemical additive determines whether or not the bacteria will stain pos or neg?
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alcohol
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What stains bacteria red?
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safranin
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Will sarfanin have any affect on microbes that have not been exposed to a decolorizer?
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No
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What is the purpose of the agar streak method?
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obtain a pure culture with isolated colonies
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What can you do after you have performed an agar streak method?
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1. perform gram stains
2.identify bacteria with additional biochemicals 3.perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing |
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What do we learn from a gram stain? (3)
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1.gram reaction
2.cell shape 3.cell arrangement |
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Give three reasons why serial dilutions are performed.
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1. Bacteria can be counted
2. Bacteria counted can be more accurate 3. There are varying numbers of bacteria in different biological sites |
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What are the two reasons to make sure your loop has cooled before scooping microbes?
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1. could kill microbes
2. burn them into the air |
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What is the round cell shape name?
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cocci
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What is the rod cell shape name?
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bacilli
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What is the comma cell shape?
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vibrio
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What is the spiral cell shape?
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spirrillium
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What is the spiral cell shape with antennae?
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spriochefe
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What is the cell shape that is a cross between cocci and baccilli?
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coccobacillus
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When determining cell arrangement, what should you look at?
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multiple bacteria
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What are three things used to identify a microbe?
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1. gross appearance of its growth
2. growth requirements of its environment that are necessary for support 3.staining properties |
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What is the purpose of the agar streak method?
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The mass of the media is diluted out through the four quads.
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What quadrant is significant?
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The quad D is most significant, because there will be isolated colonies grown, which can be used in id testing.
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What is the purpose of the slant streak method?
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The purpose for streaking is for storage of microbiologic stock.
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What happens if microbiologists allow for the bacteria in a slant to consume all of the nutrients/.
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They risk losing that particular line of bacteria.
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What is the purpose of the broth inoculating method?
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So that large quantities of bacteria can be grown in a short time.
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What color do gram positive and negative cells stain?
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positive-purple
negative-red |
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Which gram cell walls are thick or thin?
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positive-thick
negative-thin |
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What is the special cell wall that makes up gram cells?
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peptidoglycan
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Which gram cell type has an outer membrane?
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gram negatives
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What is a disease-causing organism?
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pathogen
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What is when a characteristic is distinctive for a particular disease or condition?
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pathognomic
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Who invented the gram stain?
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Christian Gram
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What does the gram stain allow for?
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visualation of the gram stain and and putting them into one of the 2 groups
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What stains the bacteria purple?
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crystal violet
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What is this cell arrangement? oooooo
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strepto
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What is this cell arrangement?
oo ooo oo |
staphylo
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What is this cell arrangement? oo
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diplo
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What is this cell arrangement?
oo oo |
sarcinae
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What part of the name of bacteria should be capitalized?
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the genus
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What is the formula for the single dilution?
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volume of the sample
____________________ vol of sample + vol of the diluent |
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If you streaked for isolation from a dilution of .1 ml..and get 53 colonies on the plate..how many were in the original sample?
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530
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What are the rules when counting colonies?
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-Dont count any less than 30 or anymore than 300.
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How do find out how many colonies are in an original sample?
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1. Count all plates, and get rid of any less than 30 or more than 300.
2.Make the negative exponent positive 3.Then, make the exponents the same number. 4.Average the numbers. 5.Use the unit col/ml. |
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What does dichotomous mean?
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two catergories and classifications
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What is the purpose of the dichotomous key?
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to identify an organism
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How do you know if you have growth in a nutrient broth?
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turbidity appears or a button
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What is the process of inoculation a plate,slant,or broth from a previous plate,slant, or broth, rather than from a specimen?
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subculturing
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What is when a plate,broth, or slant have come from a previous slant, broth, or plate rather an organism?
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subculture
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What is when a urine specimen is not collected using the aseptic technique?
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voided urine
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What is when a urine specimen is collected using the aseptic technique?
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clean catch, mid stream
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What is the purpose of serial dilutions?
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Make counting more reliable
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What are procedures designated by CDC and OSHA for handling body fluid samples?
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standard precautions
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What is to treat with an agent or conditions that destroy all microorganisms including viruses, bacteria,fungi,and spores?
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sterilize
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What are spores resilient to?
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heat,chemicals, and desication
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What is an agent intended to destroy or irreversibly inactive specific viruses,bacteria,or pathogenic fungi, but not neccessarily spores on inanimate surfaces?
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disinfectant
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What is a chemical used on the skin to inhibit growth of microorganisms?
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antiseptic
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What is the term of capable of killing microorganisms?
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germicidal
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What is capable of killing bacteria?
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bacteriocidal
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What is the term capable of inhibiting bacterial growth?
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bacteriostatic
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What is a procedure that eliminates or reduces microbial contamination to a safe level with respect to the transmission of infection?
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decontamination
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What is a retrovirus believed to be the causative agent for aids?
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HIV
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What is a virus that often causes a persistent infection to liver and can be spread by contact with body fluids?
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hepatitis b virus
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What is a sealed capsule that contains endospores of an organism and phenol red?
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kilit ampule
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What is the purpose of the kilit ample?
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If endospores survive autoclaving, and germinate, vegatative bacilli begin to multiply in broth. In this process, the bacteria uses nutrients within the vial and produce acid.
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What does the PH in the killit ampule have to be to turn yellow?
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at or below 6.8
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If the ampule turns purple or yellow what is the reaction?
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purple-successful autoclave
yellow-unsuccessful autoclave |
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The effectiveness of decontamination depends on what seven things?
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1.concentration
2.time of contact 3.gram reaction of the organism 4.number of organisms present 5.organic contamination of the disinfectant 6.object being disinfected 7.cost of disinfectant |
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What is the purpose of the dilution experiment with the decontamination?
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determine effective concentration of the disinfectant
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what is the purpose of the time exposure experiment with the decontaminatant?
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Determines time for bacteriocidal effect of the disinfectant at the manufacturer's concentration
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What does e. coli look like on a slide?
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Red and pink gram - basillus
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What does staphylococcus epidermis look like on a slide?
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blue and gram + cocci
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What is autoclaving?
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steamed heat under pressure
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What are some moderate resistance organisms?
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protozoan cysts,fungal sex spores,viruses
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What type of structure in a virus, makes them more resistant?
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naked viruses are more resistant than enveloped viruses
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Name two viruses that are the most resistant?
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hepatitis b and poliovirus
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Name some vegetative bacteria that are moderately resistant.
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m. tuberculosis,s.aureus,psuedomonas
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What is the amount of time required to kill a species at a given temp?
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thermal death time
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What is the temp at which a species dies at a given time?
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thermal death point
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Give 6 types of sterilizing heat.
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1.direct flame
2.hot-air oven 3.boil water 4.autoclave 5.fractional sterilization 7.hot oil |
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What is a problem with hot-air ovens?
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Dry heat doesn't penetrate materials easily and requires long periods of exposure
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What is the problem with boiling?
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The heat tolerance of many microbes is unknown.
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What is so good about autoclaves?
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-able to achieve boiling points without damage
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How can you kill endospores?
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fractional sterilization
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How does fractional sterilization kill endospores?
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Puts them in a vulnerable vegetative state
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What is the drawback to hot oil methods?
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Following the treatment, there is cleaning and drying- which may introduce new microbes
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What does disinfection destroy?
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vegetative bacteria
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What are disinfectants applied to living tissue?
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antiseptics
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What lowers the microbial counts to acceptable levels,thus reducing the risk of disease transmission?
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sanitizers
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What is the mechanical removal of microbes or move them around?
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degerming
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When are transmission-based precautions used?
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When a patient is actually known or suspected to be infected with a highly contagious or epidemiologically important pathogen.
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What is a sterlizing gas that kills endospores?
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ethylene oxide
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What is the passage of a liquid or gas through a screenlike material with pores that are small enough to retain microorganisms-a sterilize method?
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filtration
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What is a moist heat process used in beverages to kill pathogenic bacteria and reduce the number of nonpathogenic bacteria?
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pasteurization
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