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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two lymphocytes?
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B Cells and T Cells
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What are B Cells and where do they come from?
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They are lymphocytes. They come from Lymphoblasts which come from Lymphoid Stem cells. This comes from the Hematopoietic stem cell. B Cells mature in the bone marrow.
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What are T Cells and where do they mature?
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T cells are lymphocytes that come from lymphoid stem cells. T cells mature in the thymus gland.
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What are granulocytes?
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Granulocytes are granular leukocytes that are present bloodstream. They are neutrophils, basophils, mast cells and eosinophils.
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Agranulocytes 2 types
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two types: monocytes and Lymphocytes
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Leukocytes are
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white blood cells, they are white when they are unstained, but stain bright color when stained. Some have granules and some don't
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Monocytes: 2 types
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Dendritic Cells and macrophages.
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Lymphocytes: 2 types
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B Cells and T Cells
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Natural Killer Cells
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Related to T cells but display no antigen specificity.. They are active against cancer and virally infected cells.
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What do plasma cells produce?
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antibodies.
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Endospore
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dormant bodies that can withstand hostile conditions, they facilitate survival.
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What bacteria produce endospore (three types)
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Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina
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What is the endospore life cycle?
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Phase 1: vegetative; metabolically active growing stage
Phase 2: endospore; formed during adverse environmental conditions by a process called sporulation |
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Microbiostatic
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inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
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microbicidal
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kills microbes
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TDH
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Thermal Death Time: Under specific temperature, under standard conditions, the time it takes for microbes to die
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What is the fastest most effect way to heat kill microbes
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Moist heat at high temperature
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Purpose of heating experiment
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1) to determine the effect of heat on bacteria
2) to understand the effect of heat on microorganisms. |
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells: using blood agar, one can determine if the bacteria produces hemolysins
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Blood agar
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5% sheep blood. It grows fastidious bacteria. It is also a differential media.
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MacConkey's agar
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Selective and differential media. Bile salts and crystal violet (which inhibit the growth of Gram-Positive bacteria).
Lactose fermenting bacteria produce pink colonies. Non lactose fermenting bacteria produce clear colonies. |
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Mannitol Salt agar
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selective and differential growth media.
High salt concentration (7.5%). Mannitol fermenters convert red dye to yellow. Non mannitol fermenters stay red. |
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Mordant?
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gram's iodine. Reacts with crystal biolet to form a crystal violet iodine complex. The mordant fixes the dye to the inside of the cell, but still allows the dye to be washed away with alcohol if the cell is gram negative
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TSI Agar
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Triple Sugar Iron Agar; Used to differentiate and identify gram-neg enteric bacteria. Three sugars: glucose, lactose, and sucrose. Color indicator with Phenol Red: red=basic, yellow=acidic.
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Aerobes
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need O2 to for growth. Specifically, oxygen is needed by the electron transport chain
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Anaerobes
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grow without oxygen. Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
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Thioglycollate broth
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helps determine an organism's oxygen needs
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Selective Media
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One or more agents inhibit growth of certain microbes
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Differential Media
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Grows several types of bacteria but brings out visible differences in these bacteria (color changes).
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Enriched Media
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contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoblobin, or growth factors. Fastidious bacteria grow on an enriched media tailor made for their needs.
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Crystal Violet, Purpose
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Primary stain, cannot be decolorized (by alcohol ) on Gram + bacterial walls. Will wash off of Gram - walls.
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Gram's Iodine, Purpose
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It is a Mordant. Creates a complex with Crystal Violet and takes the dye into the cell. It is washed away by alcohol (the decolorizer) in a Gram - cell because it is washed away with the cell membrane lipids.
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Alcohol in Gram Staining, Purpose
95% Ethanol |
It is a decolorizer. It will wash away the Crystal Violet-Iodine Complex in a Gram - cell because the alcohol will wash away the membrane and the CV-I. It cannot wash away the CV-I from Gram + cells because the alcohol just shrinks the cell and secures the dye inside.
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Safranin, purpose
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Safranin is a counter stain that produces a orangish color for the gram negative cells that have been decolorized. They do not affect the gram positives.
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Gram Stain-Process
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1) Slides are prepared with heat fixing
2) stained with Crystal Violet for 1 minute and the rinsed with water. 3) Decolorized with 95% ethanol dropwise for about 15 seconds. Immediately rinse with water. 4) Counterstain with Safranin for 30 seconds and rinse. 5) dry |
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Streak Plate Method (2 reasons)
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1) To isolate bacteria
2) To prepare and maintain a pure culture |
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Mixed Culture
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(like in nature) Many microbes are growing together.
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Pure Culture
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A culture containing one type of microbe. Can be obtained by performing the streak plate method and isolating a colony of clones. These clones can be cultured to produce more of the same bacteria.
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Colonies
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large groups of a microbe that are visible to the human eye
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Purpose of heat fixation
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kills the bacteria and makes it stick to the glass slide.
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Nigrosin
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A negative stain
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Negative Staining
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For spirochetes such as Rodospirillum, bacterial capsule and endospore. Creates a dark background for the clear unstained bacteria. The stain is negatively charged while the bacteria is also negative, this is why staining on the bacteria does not occur
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bacteria in chains is ______
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Strepto-
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bacteria in sets of fours is ______
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tetrad
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Basic stains-how they work
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The dye is made of positive ions, which become attracted to and diffuse into the negatively charged bacteria.
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Basic stains - examples
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Methylene Blue
Crystal Violet Safranin All have positive dye ions |
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Simple stain
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One dye is used
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Differential Stain
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two or more stains are used such as in the Gram stain where Crystal Violet is used first followed by Ethanol and then the Safranin stain
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A grape like cluster of bacteria is ______
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Staphylo-
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Diplo means______
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Two or in pairs
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Coccus
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Round
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Streptococcus Lactis
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oooooooooooo Coccus in a chain
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Staphylococcus aureus
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000
0000 000 a grape like cluster of cells |
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sarcinae
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group of Eight
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Base and arm of microscope
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form the frame of microscope
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stage
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holds the slide
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sub stage condenser
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just below the stage. It condenses and focuses the light beam from the bulb.
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Pinion knob
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This know adjusts the sub stage condenser to adjust brightness and contrast
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Iris Diaphragm
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controls the amount of light going to the object
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Revolving Nosepiece
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this part holds the objective lenses. It can be rotated to choose between the 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x objective lenses
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4x
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Scanning objective
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10x
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Low power objective
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40x
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High dry objective
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100x
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oil-immersion objective
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coarse adjustment knob
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rapidly moves the stage up and down. Should only be used on 4x.
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Fine adjustment knob
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smaller of the two adjustment knobs. this can be used at 10x and above.
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oculars or eyepieces
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a set of lenses used to look into the stage view. Magnifies 10x. This amount is multiplied by the objective lens to determine the total amount of magnification
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illuminator or light source
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the light that is condensed by the sub stage condenser. The light comes from a bulb and creates a bright field.
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parfocal lenses
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when only minor adjustments in lenses is required between objective lenses, we call them parfocal.
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OIl immersion
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keeps the light from refracting too much. It condenses more of the light on the stage. The condenser should be brought closer to do this.
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Advantages of electron microscope
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has high magnification and resolution. High resolution is achieved because electrons produce much smaller waves than light waves, thus producing a more detailed image.
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Prokaryote-Unique qualities
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It has circular DNA
It has a nucleoid space, but no nucleus. Has plasmids which contain some DNA for resistance and other adaptations. These can be shared between bacteria via conjugation, etc. Has no organelles Single cell life forms that may clump together in unique ways |
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Eukaryones-Unique Qualities
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Has nucleus
Has |
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E coli
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gram negative
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bacillus thuringiensis
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gram positive
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Serratia marcescens
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gram negative (red)
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Gram positive (purple)
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identification of pathogenic enterobacteria
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Mostly Gram -. Use MacConkey's. If they metabolize lactose, RED. If they don't metabolize lactose, YELLOW or CLEAR.
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bacillus subtilis
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Gram Positive
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Using thioglycollate broth in an agar tube, where will the strict anaerobic bacteria settle?
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On the bottom.
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Using thioglycollate broth in an agar tube, where will the facultative anaerobic bacteria settle?
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A wide range in the middle of the tube
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Using thioglycollate broth in an agar tube, where will the aerobic bacteria settle?
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At the top
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Using thioglycollate broth in an agar tube, where will the microaerophilic bacteria settle?
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mid to top middle range.
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what is the Kirby-Bauer Method
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Antiobiotic sensitivity testing
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If an antibiotic is unable to kill a baterium, the bacterium is said to be _________
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resistant
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If an antibiotic is able to kill a bacterium, it is ___________
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sensitive
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A zone of inhibition is ________
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the clear area around an antibiotic is a cultured media which represents antibiotic sensitivity.
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What agar is used for the Kirby-Bauer Method?
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Mueller-Hinton which is 30% beef solution and other nutrients. Used for microbial growth.
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