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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Morphology |
Size, shape, structure |
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cocci |
spherical or ball-shaped |
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Bacilli |
rod shaped or cylindrical |
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Spiral |
cork-screw shaped |
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Diplococci |
two stuck together |
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Streptococcus |
a chain of cocci |
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Staphylococcus |
cocci in grape-like clusters |
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Coccobacilli |
almost as wide as long |
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Vibrios |
curved rods, comma-shaped |
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Spiral Bacteria |
cork-screw shaped |
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Spirilla |
Wave-like, rigid bodies, move by flagella
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Spirochetes |
slinky-like, flexible bodies, axial filaments |
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Pleomorphic |
Organisms that change shape |
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mycelium |
network of long, multinucleate filaments |
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Procaryotic Cell Membranes |
1) Phospholipid bilayer 2) hydrophilic surfaces 3) hydrophobic interior 4) amphipathic 5) fluid mosaic model 6) symmetric, flexible, and dynamic 7) separates the cell from environment 8) serves as selectively permeable membrane 9) location of metabolic processes 10) contains receptors |
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Bacterial Membranes |
lack sterols
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Archaeal Membranes |
have a monolayer instead of a bilayer |
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Macroelements/ macronutrients |
MgK CaFe for Nice CHOPS |
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Micronutrients/ trace elements |
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu |
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autotrophs |
use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon source |
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heterotrophs |
use organic molecules as carbon source |
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Important molecules for synthesis |
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfure |
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amino acids |
needed for protein synthesis |
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purines and pyrimidines |
needed for nucleic acid synthesis |
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vitamins |
function as enzyme cofactors |
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Facilitated Diffusion & Active Transport |
all microorganisms |
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Group translocation |
Bacteria and Archaea |
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Endocytosis |
Eukarya only |
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Passive diffusion |
Molecules move from region of higher concentration to lower concentration |
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Comparison of Facilitated Diffusion and Passive Diffusion |
-High to Low -NOT energy-dependent -Size of concentration gradient impacts rate of uptake |
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Contrasting Facilitated Diffusion and Passive Diffusion |
-Facilitated uses carrier molecules (permeases) or protein channels -smaller concentration gradient required -effectively transports glycerol, sugars, and amino acids -more prominent in eucaryotic than procaryotic cells |
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Active Transport |
-Energy-dependent (ATP) -moves molecules against the gradient -concentrates molecules inside cell -involves carrier proteins (permeases) |
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Primary Active Transport |
ATP (ABC transporter) |
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Secondary Active Transport |
Proton Motive Force (PMF) or other ion gradient |
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Group Translocation |
-High energy metabolic pathway intermediate is used -molecules are modified as they are transported across the membrane -energy dependent |
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ABC transporters |
-ATP binding -observed in bacteria, archaea, and eucaryotes |
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Iron Uptake |
-Ferric iron - insoluble
-Microorganisms use siderophores to aid uptake -siderophore complexes with ferric ion -complex is transported into cell (siderophores bind to iron then enter cell) |
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Cytoplasmic Matrix |
-substance between membrane and nucleoid -packed with ribosomes and inclusion bodies -CM of bacteria lacks a true cytoskeleton |
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Inclusion Bodies |
-granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use -some not bounded by a membrane, others are enclosed by a single-layered membrane |
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Gas cavuoles |
a type of inclusion body found in cyanobacteria and other aquatic forms |
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Magnetosomes |
a type of inclusion body that contains iron in the form of magnetite |
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Ribosomes |
-complex structures consisting of protein and RNA -responsible for synthesis of cellular proteins -procaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eucaryotic ribosomes |
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Protin Synthesis: Matrix Ribsomes |
Protein remains within the cell |
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Protein Synthesis: PM Ribosomes |
Proteins for transport |
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Nucleoid |
-Irregularly shaped region, where chromosome of procaryote is found -contains a single circular chromosome -some have more than one chromosome/linear chromosomes -Not bounded by a membrane -associated with plasma membrane or mesosomes |
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Plasmids |
-small, closed, circular DNA molecules -can replicate independently -not required for bacterial growth and reproduction -may carry genes that give bacterium a selective advantage |
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Fertility Plasmids |
capable of conjugation, contain genes for the pili |
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Resistance plasmids |
contain genes that can build resistance against one or several antibiotics or poisons |
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Col-plasmids |
Contain genes coding for colicines proteins that can kill other bacteria |
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Degradative plasmids |
Able to digest unusual substances (toluene or salicylic acid_ |
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Virulence plasmids |
Turn a bacterium into a pathogen |