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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Small gram negative coccobacilli, that are obligate parasites of the respiratory tract, disease is initially an URI of the nasopharnyx which later spreads to the trachea and bronchi.
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Bordetella
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Starts as an upper respiratory tract infection that moves lower and pneumonia is never a common feature of the disease
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Bordetella
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Causes whooping cough
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Bordetella Pertussis
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This is the major component of the new acellular pertussis vaccine
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Fimbrial Hemagglutinin (F-HA)
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This short filament is found of the cell surface of pertussis, is involved in adherance to the mucosal surface, and is a major component of the vaccine:
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Fimbrial Hemagglutinin (FHA)
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This toxin inhibits monocyte and neutrophil activation/killing by causing increased levels of cAMP and is a major component of the vaccine for B. pertussis:
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Pertussis Toxin
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This pertussis toxin inhibits ciliated cells and triggers inflammation
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Tracheal Cytotoxin
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These two pertussis extracellular products inhibit monocyte and neutrophil activation by increasing the levels of intracellular cAMP in phagocytic cells
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Pertussis Toxin and Adenylate Cyclase
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Always causes disease when found in the nasopharnyx - has no carrier state. Is highly communicable via respiratory droplets and has highest morbidity and mortality in newborns:
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B. Pertussis
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This is one disease with two stages - Catarrhal stage and paroxysmal stage
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B. Pertussis
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In this stage of pertussis there are mild symptoms of an upper respriratory infection with attachment of bacteria to the cilliated epithelial cells of the nasopharnyx spreading to the trachea and bronchi, and at this stage the disease is highly infectious
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Catarrhal Stage
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This is the stage of pertussis in which the classical whooping cough is seen often with vomiting , severe facial congestions, and apperance of suffication. Other complications include seizures and secondary infections
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Paroxysmal Stage
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How is pertussis identified?
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Culture on modified agar and PCR.
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The vaccine for this disease is acellular with purified FHA and PT toxoid.
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B. Pertussis
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Widely distributed in soil and water and transmitted via water. Observed in compromised patients with cancer, burns, and CF.
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Pseudomonas
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Cystic fibrosis patients seem to be particularly susceptible to some of these lung infections
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P. Aeruginosa
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This member of the psuedomonas family causes various opportunistic infections, esp. in cystic fibrosis patients
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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These two members of the psuedomonas family causes nosocomial respiratory infections, esp in CF patients
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Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
and Burkholderia Cepacia |
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This pathogen is similar to psuedomonas and is a common cause of wound infections contaminated with fresh water and usually spreads systemically
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Aeromonas Hydrophilia
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This is an emerging pathogen with antibiotic resistance that is seen in US soldiers in Iraq and transmitted from the soil and water but can also cause colonization without disease
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Actinebacter Baumannii
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What three things should be expected in any of the unusual gram negative organisms?
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1. Compromised host
2. Environmental source - water 3. Antibiotic resistance |
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Can grow on almost any surface, is a strict aerobe and oxidase positive, is very resistant to chemical disinfectants and antibiotics
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P. Aeruginosa
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Has a glycocalyx capsule with a slime layer and a mucoid capsule nearly exclusive for CF strain:
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Is a gram negative pathogen with a capsule that has several exotoxins and is v. resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics
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P. Aeruginosa
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Is found in the water in hospital reservoirs, requires a defect in host defenses, causes a variety of diseases including pneumonia
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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This disease is caused by P. Aeruginosa, occurs in immunocompromised persons, caused acute onset, has bloodstream invasion and septicemia with a non-mucoid slime capsule
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Nosocomial Pneumonia
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This disease is caused by a defect in mucocilliary clearance mechanism, is community acquired, caused chronic progressive lung destruction, has no bloodstream invasion, and involves a change to a mucoid capsule
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Cystic Fibrosis Pneumonia
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This disease is caused by P. Aeruginosa on moist skin from extended exposure to contaminated water which is more severe in diabetes and immunocompromised
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Dematitis
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Causes pneumonia, infections in burns, UTIs, dermatitis, corneal infections, and endocarditis
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P. Aeruginosa
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How is P. Aeruginosa identified?
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By culture - because it is resistant to so many things, antibiotic sensitivity testing is crucial
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When is psuedomonas treated with combination (2-drug) therapy?
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When it is a serious, life threatening infection.
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What is the treatment/prevention of P. Aeruginosa?
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There are no vaccines available and complete elimination of the organism is not practical so the best prevention is hand washing.
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Commonly found in fresh water aquatic habitats, proliferate primarily as intracellular parasites, when inhaled they may cause acute pneumonia.
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Legionella
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Which species of Legionella is responsible for 85% of all infections?
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L. Pneumophilia
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Has gram negative rods that stain poorly, don't grow on routine media (require Fe and L-cysteine), has intracellular growth in macrophages and protozoa with highest numbers in surface biofilms:
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Legionella Pneumophilia
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How is Legionella transmitted?
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It is a nosocomial and community acquired disease transmitted through inhalation of aerosols from contaminated building water - No human to human transmission
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What is the primary disease caused by Legionella?
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Acute pneumonia - can also cause mild, self-limited respiratory disease (pontiac fever)
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How is legionella diagnosed?
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Urine antigen test
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How is legionella treated? How is it prevented?
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Its treated with newer macrolides or fluoroquinolones and while there is no vaccine, it can be prevented by monitoring and disinfecting water sources
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