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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What signified the start of microbiology?
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Invention of the microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek that allowed him to look at living cells
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When was DNA discovered and who discovered it?
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1953, Watson & Crick
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Identify the function of restriction enzymes.
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Allowed DNA to be cut up and examined
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Who is considered the father of modern microbiology?
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Louis Pasteur
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What molecular biologist purified yeast?
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Ed(uard) Buchner
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What is the smallest unit of life?
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Cell
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All organisms are comprised of ___ cell or ____ or more cells.
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All organisms are comprised of ONE cell or ONE or more cells.
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Are humans eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes
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Are plants eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes
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Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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Prokaryotes
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Identify the 3 main facts about cell theory.
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1) Cell is the smallest unit, anything smaller is NOT living.
2) All organisms are made of either 1 cell OR 1 more cells. 3) New cells come from old cells; there is NO spontaneous generation. |
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What effect do microorganisms have on nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon?
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Microorganisms turn nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon into usable, organic forms for human use.
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What 2 categories is the microbial world divided into?
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Organisms and Infectious Agents (non-living)
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Identify the 3 domains in the organisms category.
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
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Of these three domains (bacteria, archaea, and eucarya), which are eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes = Eucarya
Prokaryotes = Bacteria, Archaea |
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Identify the 3 infection agents.
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Viruses
Viroids Prions |
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Identify the 4 types of eukaryotes and if they are multicellular, unicellular, or both.
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Algae (uni/multi)
Protozoa (uni) Fungi (uni/multi) Helminths (multi) |
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What are helminths?
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They are multicellular parasites.
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Describe the genetic component of viruses.
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DNA or RNA (never both); some surrounded by protein coating membrane
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Describe the genetic component of viroids..
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Short segments of RNA
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Describe the genetic component of prions..
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Short segments of proteins
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What is a single cell organism with NO nucleus?
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Prokaryote
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What did Pasteur invent that disproved spontaneous generation?
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He invented the "swan-neck" flask.
Bacteria that fell in from the air did not grow b/c it stopped at the curve. |
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What experiment did Redi do in order to prove that maggots didn't grow from spontaneous generation?
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He put meat in a bowl and covered the bowl with gauze. Air was allowed in, but since flies couldn't reach the meat, nothing grew.
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Which is (usually) larger, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes
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Describe the nucleus of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Absent
Eukaryote - Present w/ nuclear membrane |
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Describe the DNA of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Singular, circular chromosome
Eukaryote - Multiple, linear chromosomes inside nucleus |
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Describe the membrane of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Cell membrane only
Eukaryote - Cell and organelle membranes |
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Describe the organelles of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Absent
Eukaryote - Present in many forms |
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Describe the ribosome of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Free in cytoplasm; smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes
Eukaryote - Free and bound to ER membrane; larger than prokaryotic ribosomes |
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Describe the cytoskeleton of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Absent
Eukaryote - Present |
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Describe the cell wall of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Present in most situations; complex chemical composition
Eukaryote - Present in algae, fungi, plants; complex chemical composition |
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Describe the movement of flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Prokaryote - Rotating movement
Eukaryote - Whipping movement |
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Describe the cilia of the prokaryote and the eukaryote.
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Prokaryote - Absent
Eukaryote - Present |
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What is the glycocalyx made up of?
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Polysaccharrides and a few polypeptides (sugars and proteins) that surround the cell
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Identify the 2 types of glycocalyx and define them.
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Capsule - regular structure firmly attached to the cell
Slime layer - loose structure, water soluble, viscous |
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Which of these glycocalyx layers are harder for the human body to fight?
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The capsule glycocalyx layer
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Identify the 3 functions of the glycocalyx.
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Protect cell from desiccation
Allows attachment to host cells Confuses human immune system |
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desiccation
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extreme drying; loss of water
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What is the flagella in prokaryotes composed of? (3)
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Protein flagellin
Hook Basal body |
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Identify the 3 types of flagella in prokaryotes.
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Peritrichous - many flagella
Polar - one flagella Endoflagella - wrapped tightly around an organism w/ corkscrew movements |
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Describe fimbraie in prokaryotes.
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Non-motile, sticky, bristle-like projections shorter than flagella
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Identify the function of fimbraie.
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Used to allow cells to adhere to one another as well as to substances in their environment
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Identify the 2 structures that produce biofilms.
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Fimbraie and glycocalyx
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Describe and identify the function of pili in prokaryotes.
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Hollow tubes used to move cells or allow for the exchange of DNA between bacteria
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Since most bacteria have asexual reproduction, what structure allows them to transfer DNA.
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Pili
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Describe the cell wall composition of prokaryotes.
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Alternating NAM-NAG units connected by tetrapeptide bridge, which are connected to interpeptide bridge
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What are the NAM-NAG units?
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Basically sugar
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What is the tetrapeptide bridge made of?
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D-amino acids, which rarely occurs elsewhere
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What is the interpeptide bridge made of?
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Glysine, the smallest amino acid
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Describe the gram (-) cell wall.
What specific kind of lipid is in it? |
Inner - 2 phospholipids
Outer - 1 phospholipid, 1 lipopolysaccharride Lipid A [These are fatty acid tails.] |
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What is unique about gram (+) bacteria?
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Teichoic acid
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What is unique about gram (-) bacteria?
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Lipopolysaccharides
Porin proteins |
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Which kind of bacteria has thin peptidoglycan? thick peptidoglycan?
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Gram (+) - thick peptidoglycan
Gram (-) - thin peptidoglycan |
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Why doesn't penicillin affect human cells?
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Penicillin targets cell walls, which human cells DO NOT have.
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How does penicillin fight bacterial infection?
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Penicillin prevents tetrapeptide from hooking to the interpeptide bridge (aka crosslinking).
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How does a lysozyme fight bacteria?
Where can you find it? |
It prevents NAM-NAG from coming together.
You can find it human tears, saliva, etc. as the body's defense. |
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Penicillin and lysozyme DO NOT work on bacteria that are already _____.
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Penicillin and lysozyme DO NOT work on bacteria that are already MADE.
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Do all bacteria have a cell wall?
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No
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Describe the cell membrane of a prokaryote.
-Location -Composition -Permeability |
Directly beneath the cell wall
Phospholipids Semipermeable |
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Identify the 3 structures on the prokaryote cell membrane.
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Integral protein
Peripheral protein Carbohydrate branches |
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Water flows from an area of ___ to ____ concentration.
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Water flows from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration.
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Bacteria like to live in _________ surroundings.
(hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic) |
hypotonic
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Where does H2O go in a hypertonic solution?
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H2O goes out.
The cell gets smaller. |
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Where does H2O go in a hypotonic solution?
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H2O goes into the cell.
The cell gets larger. |
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(simple) diffusion
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movement from high to low concentration
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facilitated diffusion
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protein complex helps move a substance across a membrane
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What kind of energy does diffusion require?
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None b/c it is going from a high to low concentration
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active transport
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moving particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient using ATP (low to high)
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proton motive force
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when the cell uses ATP to pump protons out, making the cell negative, thus setting up a proton gradient
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osmosis
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movement of water from high to low concentration
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Through what process do we use to move glucose into a cell?
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Group translocation
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What happens during group translocation?
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Once in a cell, glucose is changed to "glucose phosphate", so the cell is tricked into thinking it doesn't have any glucose
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Identify the 2 kinds of DNA in prokaryotes.
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Chromosomal
Plasma (plasmid) |
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Describe chromosomal DNA in prokaryotes.
-Size -Shape -Necessity -Location |
Large
Circular Necessary Nucleoid region |
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Describe plasma DNA in prokaryotes.
-Size -Shape -Necessity |
Small
Circular Beneficial, but not necessary |
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In what two ways can inclusion bodies be used?
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Storage granules
Gas vesicles |
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What can inclusion bodies store? (4)
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Carbs
Nitrates Sulfur Magnetic particles |
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When inclusion bodies function as gas vesicles, what do they do?
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They increase/decrease gas level to either allow bacteria to float or sink in solution.
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Since prokaryotes do not have a cytoskeleton, what helps to maintain their shape?
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Actin filaments
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Identify the function of the ribosomes in prokaryotes.
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Make proteins
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Describe the ribosome in prokaryotes.
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Two parts (large and small subunit) that come together to make a mature subunit when ready to be utilized
[Same as in eukaryotes.] |
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What is the purpose of the sporulation cycle?
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Bacteria do it when exposed to certain environmental signals; they protect their chromosomes.
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Identify the 3 types of endocytosis.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis |
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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specific receptors on the membrane bring in specific compounds when activated
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pinocytosis
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commonly brings in water and solutes that are next to plasma membrane
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phagocytosis
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membrane reaches out, completely surrounds something, brings it inward
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How do unicellular organisms use phagocytosis?
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Bring in food particles
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How do human cells use phagocytosis?
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Immune system WBC engulfs bacteria
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