Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Any of the SINGLE-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell CONTAINS a distinct, membrane-bound NUCLEUS
|
Eukaryotic cell
|
|
Any of the GROUP of organisms primarily characterized by the LACK of true NUCLEUS and other membrane-bound cell compartments
|
Prokaryotic cell
|
|
Prokaryote Characteristics (True or False?)
DNA is NOT enclosed within a membrane and is a circular chromosome |
TRUE
There is no nucleus |
|
Prokaryote Characteristics(True or False?)
DNA is associated with histones |
False
DNA is not associated w/ histones |
|
Prokaryote Characteristics
(True or False?) Lack membrane bound organelles |
True
|
|
Prokaryote Characteristics (True or False?)
Usually does not divide by binary fission |
False
It does divide by binary fission |
|
Proteins associated with DNA
|
Histones
|
|
What are the 6 shapes of a Prokaryotic cell?
|
Coccus, rods, Coccobacilli, Vibrios, Sprilla and Sphirochetes
|
|
Most common shape of a prokaryotic cell?
|
Coccus or rods
|
|
What is the name for the circular shape cell?
|
Coccus
|
|
What is the NAME of the rod shaped cell?
|
bacillus
|
|
What is the name for the tatertop shaped cell?
|
coccobacillus
|
|
What is the name for the curved rod?
|
vibrio
|
|
What is the name for the spiral rigid shaped cell?
|
spirilla
|
|
What is the name for the spiral flexible shaped cell?
|
spirochetes
|
|
What is the name used for bacteria that has variable shapes?
|
PLEOmorphic
|
|
Cells adhering to one another following division FORM a CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT that depends on the plane in which the bacteria divide (Differentiate between bacteria)
|
Groupings of prokaryotic cells
|
|
Typical cell arrangements include chains of varying _____, _______, or _________.
Hint: LCT |
chains of varying lengths, clusters or tetrads
|
|
These groupings are best observed how?
|
from a liquid culture.
Stains from colonies are less reliable. |
|
PAIRED (2) groupings of Prokaryotic cells
|
Diplococci
|
|
chain groupings of Prokaryotic cells
|
Streptococci
|
|
group of four Prokaryotic cells
|
Tetrads
|
|
grouping of EIGHT Prokaryotic cells
|
Sarcinae
|
|
A cluster of Prokaryotic cells
|
Staphylococci
|
|
Grouping and shapes:
Diplobacilli |
paired rods
|
|
Grouping and shapes:
Streptobacilli |
chained rods
|
|
Grouping and shapes:
Coccobacilli |
Oval
(If coccobacilli divides it does not group it separates) |
|
Shapes not necessarily groups:
Vibrio |
Curved rods
|
|
Shapes not necessarily groups:
Spirillium |
Helic shape, rigid bodies
|
|
Shapes not necessarily groupings:
Spirochetes |
Helical and flexible
|
|
Glycocalyx: 2 types
Both are usually made of polysaccharide Hint: CL & SL |
capsule and slime layer
. |
|
This glycocalyx is a distinct and GELatinous layer;
|
capsule
|
|
This glycocalyx is DIFFUSE and IRREGULAR
Hint: Glycoclyx composed of only 2 layers |
slime layer
|
|
What is the purpose of the capsules and slime layers?
|
Capsules and slime layers enable bacteria to ADHERE TO SURFACES.
Some capsules allow disease-causing microorganisms to AVOID THE INNATE defense system |
|
a LONG filamentous APPENDAGE that PROPELS bacteria
|
flagellum
|
|
What is the prokaryotic flagellum composed of?
Hint: FHB |
Composed of a filament, a hook, and a basal body
|
|
LONG outermost region; made of protein flagellin
|
Filament
|
|
ANCHORS flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
|
Basal body
|
|
Does the prokaryotic flagellum have a Rotation or whiplike motion?
|
Rotation
|
|
moves in ONE DIRECTION for a length of time
|
Run
|
|
ABRUPT, RANDOM change in direction
|
Tumble
|
|
ROTATES the flagellum
|
Hook
|
|
MORE than one flagellum
|
Flagella
|
|
ONE thread, a SINGLE polar flagellum
|
Monotrichous
|
|
BOTH, a tuft of flagella at EACH END
|
Amphitrichous
|
|
AROUND, distributed over ENTIRE surface
|
peritrichous
|
|
the directed movement toward an attractant or away from a repellant;
|
Chemotaxis
|
|
Bacteria do this by ADJUSTING the FREQUENCIES of their _____ and ________.
|
runs and tumbles
|
|
Tuft, 2 or MORE flagella at ONE POLE
|
Lophotrichous
|
|
BUNDLES of fibrils that arise at the ENDS of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell
|
Axial Filaments
Spirochetes Example: Treponema |
|
Shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Many of these types enable attachment of cells to specific surfaces |
Fimbriae and pili
|
|
What is the role of fimbriae and pili?
|
Play a role in specific types of motility, twitching and gliding, which both occur on solid surfaces.
|
|
These pili are involved in conjugation, which enables DNA to be transferred from one cell to another
|
Sex pili
|
|
PREVENTS cells from RUPTURING under increased water pressure.
Site of action for some antibiotics |
Cell wall of the prokaryotic cell
|
|
Rigid cell wall determines ______ even if broken open.
|
shape
|
|
A MACROMOLECULE FOUND ONLY in the bacteria and provides rigidity to the cell wall
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
composed of GLYCAN STRANDS, which are alternating subunits of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
Attached to each NAM molecule is a string of ?
Hint: 4AA (this chain) |
four amino acids, a tetrapeptide chain
|
|
What about Archaea?
|
Lacks peptidoglycan
|
|
True or False?
You will only find peptidoglycan in Bacteria? |
TRUE
|
|
contains a relatively THICK layer of peptidoglycan.
|
Gram-positive cell wall
|
|
stick out of the peptidoglycan molecule.
|
Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
|
|
A relatively THIN LAYER of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and an outer membrane
outside this layer is an asymmetrical bilayer membrane |
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
|
|
contains a variety of PROTEINS including those involved in NUTRIENT DEGENERATION and TRANSPORT
found in the Gram (-) cell walls PERIPLASM space contains the peptidoglycan and PERIPLSM - GEL between the membranes of the Gram (-) cells. |
Periplasm
|
|
The OUTER membrane contains _________________.
Hint: LPS |
lipopolysaccharide
|
|
form small CHANNELS that permit small molecules to pass through the outer membrane
found in Gram (-) cell walls |
Porins
|
|
RELEASED upon cell destruction
found in Gram (-) cell walls INNER leaflet of the outer membrane composed of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and proteins while the OUTER leaflet is made up of this? Hint: LPS |
Lipophospholipids = endotoxin
|
|
IMMUNE ACTIVATOR that causes fever and diarrhea; fight infections
|
Lipid A (anchor)
|
|
SIDE CHAIN (sticks out) as in E. coli O157:H7
Hint: O-SPS |
O-specific polysaccharide
|
|
ANTIBACTERIAL compounds target _______________.
Hint: what does it try to break (bonds of what)? |
peptidoglycan
|
|
BINDS to proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and, subsequently, PREVENTS the CROSS-LINKING of adjacent glycan chains
|
Penicillin
|
|
BREAKS the BOND that LINKS alternating NAG and NAM molecules, destroying the structural integrity of the glycan chain
|
Lysozyme
Found in tears, saliva and mucous membrane |
|
Some bacteria lack a _______ (RCW).
|
rigid cell wall
|
|
Because species of ___________ DO NOT HAVE a RIGID CELL WALL, they are extremely variable in shape and are NOT AFFECTED by lysozyme or penicillin
|
Mycoplasma
They have steroids and lipids. |
|
Have a GREATER variety of CELL WALL TYPES than do the Bacteria.
They live in more extreme environments. |
Archaea
|
|
Is penicillin likely to work AGAINST Archaea?
|
NO
|
|
A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER embedded with a variety of proteins.
A BARRIER between CELL and ENVIRONMENT, allowing relatively few molecules to pass through freely. |
Cytoplasmic membrane
|
|
Some cytoplasmic MEMBRANE proteins FUNCTION in ____________.
|
transport
|
|
Others provide a _________ by which cells can SENSE and ADJUST to their surroundings.
|
mechanism
|
|
Are the membrane lipids of the Archaea distinctly different from those of Bacteria?
|
YES
|
|
These CAN PASS THRU membrane with ease?
|
H2O
Gases small hydrophobic compounds |
|
The phospholipid layer is made up of head and fatty acid tails.
What is the head composed of and what is the tails composed of? |
Head - hydrophilic compounds - WATER LOVER
Tail - hydrophobic compounds - WATER HATER |
|
Cytoplasmic membrane is ___________ ___________; WATER, GASES, and SMALL HYDROPHOBIC molecules are among the few compounds that CAN PASS through by simple diffusion
|
selectively permeable
|
|
INFLOW of water into cell EXERTS more ___________ ____________ on the cytoplasmic membrane than it can generally withstand; however, the rigid cell wall CAN WITHSTAND the PRESSURE
|
osmotic pressure
|
|
NET (overall) MOVEMENT of molecules or ions from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration
|
Simple diffusion
|
|
MOVES impermeable COMPOUNDS FROM ONE SIDE of the membrane TO the OTHER by exploiting the concentration gradient
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
|
MOVEMENT of H2O in response to gradient
|
Osmosis
|
|
equal solute inside
|
Isotonic
|
|
solutes OUTSIDE the cell is GREATER than the inside
|
Hypertonic
|
|
solutes INSIDE the cell is GREATER than the outside
|
hypotonic
|
|
cell BURSTING
|
Lysis
* occurs during hypotonic * |
|
water LEAVES the cell causing cell to SHRINK
|
Plasmolysis
* occurs during hypertonic * |
|
Simple diffusion occurs thru the ________ ___________.
Hint: other name for cytoplasmic membrane |
Phospholipid bilayer
|
|
Facilitated diffusion occurs THRU a NON SPECIFIC _________ __________.
|
channel protein
|
|
Facilitated diffusion thru a channel protein specific for one chemical, binding of subtrates cause what kind of change in channel proteins?
|
Shape change
|
|
AGAINST the concentration GRADIENT
REQUIRES ENERGY and specific protein |
Active transport
|
|
a TRANSPORT PROCESS that chemically alters a molecule during its passage THRU the plasma membrane
|
Group translocation
|
|
The chromosome of prokaryotes resides in the ________ rather than within a membrane nucleus
|
Nucleoid
|
|
The typical CHRMOSOME is a SINGLE, CIRCULAR, DOUBLE STRANDED ______ __________ that contains all the genetic information required by a cell.
|
DNA molecule
|
|
Chromosomes are usually ____________.
|
Supercoiled
|
|
circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that typically ENCODE genetic information that may be advantageous, but not required by the cell.
Extrachromosomal |
Plasmids
|
|
Populations of cells can _____ and ________ plasmids
|
gain and lose
|
|
serve as the structures that facilitate the joining of amino acids leading to PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
|
Ribosomes
|
|
The _______ bacterial ribosome is composed of a 50S and a 30S subunit
|
70S
|
|
STORAGE granules are dense accumulations of high molecular weight polymers, which are synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.
|
Inclusions
|
|
GAS-permeable, water-impermeable rigid structures provide BUOYANCY to aquatic cells, enabling the cell to float or sink to an ideal position in the water column.
|
Gas vacuoles
|
|
inclusions of iron oxide; ALLOW DOWNWARD MOVEMENT
|
Magnetosomes
|
|
a DORMANT STAGE produced by sporulation
|
Endospores
|
|
Endospores are members of what genus?
Hint: B & C (lab) |
Members of genera Bacillus and Clostridium
|
|
Endospores are extraordinarily RESISTANT to CONDITIONS such as?
|
heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, and UV irradiation.
|
|
Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene and anthrax are diseases caused by __________-___________.
|
endospore-formers
|
|
Organelle whose function is PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
|
ribosomes
In all P&E |
|
Organelle whose general function is SHAPE in prokaryotes, SUPPORTS, cytoplasmic streaming and endocytosis in eukaryotes
|
Cytoskeleton
In some Ps & all Es |
|
Organelle whose function acts in the ROLE in MITOSIS, CYTOKENESIS, flagella and cilia formation in animal cells
|
centrioles
In (eukaryote) animals cells |
|
CONTROL CENTER of the cell
|
nucleus
In E |
|
Organelle whose function is to TRANSPORT W/IN the cell; LIPID SYNTHESIS
|
ER
endoplasmic reticulum In E |
|
organelle whose general function is EXOCYTOSIS AND SECRETION
|
Golgi bodies
In some Es |
|
Organelle whose general function is the BREAKDOWN OF NUTRIENTS
|
Lysosomes
In some Es |
|
Organelle whose function is the NEUTRALIZATION OF TOXINS
|
Peroxisomes
In some Es |
|
Organelle whose general function is STORAGE
|
Vacuoles
In some Es |
|
organelle used as STORAGE, DIGESTION & TRANSPORT
|
vesicles
In All Es |
|
Organelles whose general function is Aerobic ATP reproduction
|
Mitochondria
In most Es |
|
Organelle whose general function is Photosynthesis
|
Chloroplasts
Present in plants and algae |
|
Prokaryote cells only have ribosomes and cytoskeleton?
True or False |
True
It lacks everything else. |
|
CONTAINS H2O, NUTRIENTS, and SUBTANCES SECRETED by the Gram (-) cell wall such as digestive enzymes and proteins involved in specific transport.
|
Periplasm
|
|
Have (-) ELECTRICAL CHARGES which give the surface of the Gram (+) cell a (-) charge and may play a role in the passage of ions through the wall.
|
Teichoic acids
|
|
In Gram (+) cells walls, some TEITECHOIC ACIDS are covalently LINKED TO LIPIDS, forming this that ANCHORthe petidoglycan to the cell membrane.
|
Lipoteichoic acids
|
|
sites of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
|
ribosomes
|
|
involves PHYSICAL MANIPULATION of the cytoplasmic membrane around the cytoskeleton.
occus when the membrane distends to FORM PSEUDOPODIA (false feet) that surround a substance bringing it INTO the cell |
Endocytosis
|
|
REVERSE of endocytosis in that it enables substances to be EXPORTED (dumped) from the cell
|
Excoytosis
|
|
spherical to elongated structures found in most EUKARYOTIC cells.
two membranes COMPOSED of a phospholipid BILAYER. POWERHOUSE of the cell: APT production |
Mitochondria
|
|
two phospholipid BILAYER and DNA
SEMIAUTONOMOUS - they divide independently of the cell but remain dependent of the cell for most of their protein\s. |
chloroplasts
|
|
THEORY suggests that eukaryotes FORMED from the UNION of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes
|
endosymbiotic theory
|
|
Cell walls of bacteria are composed of a large interconnected molecule of __________. (BILAYER)
|
Peptidoglycan
|
|
Peptidoglycan is composed of alternating sugar molecules called __________________ & __________________.
Hint: 3 initials in each |
NAG & NAM
|
|
a cell may ALLOW a large or charged chemical TO MOVE ACROSS the cytoplasmic membrane, down the chemical's electrical and chemical gradients in a process called ___________.
Hint: FD |
facilitated diffusion
|
|
a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules is seen in _____________.
Hint: EF |
eukaryotic flagella
|
|
which of the following is NOT associated with prokaryotic organisms?
nucleoid glycocalyx cilia circular DNA |
cilia
|
|
the cell walls of BACTERIA are composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN?
True or False |
TRUE
|
|
the function of the GLYCOCALYX is that it forms pseudopodia for faster mobility of an organism?
True or false |
FALSE
Its function is to anchor animal cells to each other, strengthening the cell surface or protection from dehydration. |
|
Bacterial flagella is ANCHORED to the cell by a BASAL BODY?
True or false |
TRUE
|
|
The CELL WALL is important in CLASSIFYING a bacterial species as Gram (+) or (-)?
true or false |
true
|
|
DORMANT resistant cells
|
endospores
|