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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the Mental Health Continuum? (Notes)
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- Mental Health Status Can be in a Range and Fluctuate
- Mild, Moderate, Severe, Psychosis |
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What is Mental Health? Mental illness? (P.5)
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- Mental Health – Knowledge of Self; Meets Basic Needs; Assumes Responsibility for Behavoiur and Self-Growth; Maintains Relationship, Communicates Directly with Others
- Mental Illness – Person has Distorted View of Self; Unable to Maintain Personal Relationships; Unable to Adapt to Environment |
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What Does the ANA State About the Focus of Psychiatric Nurses? (P.18)
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- Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Response to Actual or Potential Mental Problems
- Uses Theories of Human Behaviour as Science and Purposeful use of Self as Art - Basic Level – Health Promotion, Intake Screening, Community Action - Advanced Level – Psychotherapy, Psychobiological, Medications |
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What are the Differences Between the Basic Psychiatric Nurse Clinician and the Advanced Practice Nurse? (P.19,8)
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- Basic – Works with Individuals Families, Communities, Groups to Promote Health, Assess Dysfunciton, Assist Clients to Regain or Improve Coping, and Prevent Disability
- Advanced – Full Range of Activities Mental Health Promotion, Illness Care, Diagnosis and Treatment of Mental Disorder; Provides Psychotherapy; Prescribes Medication |
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Review the History of Mental Illness; What Advances Took Place in the 20th Century? (P.17)
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- American Psychiatric Association Established a Committee on Training Schools
- Johns Hopkins Taught Psychiatric Care in Nursing - In 1930’s Somatic Therapy, Deep Sleep, Insulin Shock, and Electroshock - In 1946 Congress Passed NIMH; Provides Funds for Education & Research - Coming of Age came with way Mental Illness was Viewed and Treated - Progression as Treatment from Confinement to Therapy |
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What is a Theory? A Conceptual Framework, a Concept? (P.26)
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- Theory – Way to Abstract or Generalize Knowledge for Individual Circumstances
- Theory – Set of Interrelated Concepts that Provide Testable Relationships and Direction - Theory – Group of Concepts Linked together to Understand Phenomenon - Concepts – Basic Building Blocks of a Theory - Conceptual Framework – Group of Concepts Linked to Provide Organizing or Viewing |
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Describe Freud’s Framework? (P.40)
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- Personality – (Id, Ego, Superego)
- Stages of Psychosexual Development (Oral, Anal, and Phallic) |
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Describe Piaget’s Framework, Maslow’s, Erickson’s? (P.42, 44, 47)
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- Piaget – Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
- Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs to Promote Human Behaviour - Erickson – Psychosocial Development; Development Emphasis on Social Growth |
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Who was Hildegarde Peplau? (P.27)
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- Described Nursing as Therapeutic Interpersonal for Growth of Nurse and Patient
- Three Phases of Nursing (Orientation, Working, and Termination) |
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What is the DSM-IV TR? (P.75)
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- Updated Version in 2000 by American Psychiatric Association
- Text Revision Emphasizes Incremental Changes; Diagnosis and Criteria Unchanged - Description of Diagnosis has Changed - Five Axis of Assessment |
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What is the ICD-9/CM? (P.72)
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- Comprehensive Listing of Clinical Diagnosis with Unique Numerical Code
- Clinical Modification – Accommodates More Complex Diagnostic Coding |
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What is the NANDA Taxonomy of Nursing Diagnosis? (P.76)
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- Statement of Phenomenon of Concern to Nurses
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What are NIC and NOC? (P.82)
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- Nursing Intervention Classifications – Activities Nurses Carry Out to Assist Client Status or Behaviour
- Nursing Outcomes Classification – Relates Diagnosis; Interventions; Outcomes |
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What are the Advantages of Computerization of Health Records? (P.82)
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- Frequent Availability or Paper Records
- Reduce Costs; Increase Revenues - Prevents Loss |
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What is Physical Space Between People? How Does this Effect Boundaries? (P.91)
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- Space Two Between People has Great Meaning in Communication
- Four Zones in North America - Public – 12ft; Social 9-12ft; Personal 18in – 4ft; Intimate <18in - Use Space Between Persons to Understand & Interpret Non-Verbal Behaviours |
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Review all Therapeutic Communication Techniques? (P.93)
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- Listening, Silence, Broad Openings, Restating, Clarification, Reflection, Focusing
- Informing Suggestions, Confronting |
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Define the Nursing Process? (P.96)
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- Way of Thinking that Allows Nurses to Reflect on Care and Work in Organized Manner
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What are Common Defense Mechanisms how are they Used? (P.94)
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- Unconscious Responses Used to Protect Self from Internal & External Stressors
- Denial, Projection, Repression, Rationalization, Introjection, Displacement - Reaction Formation, Regression, Suppression, Sublimation, Symbolization |
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What is the Difference Between Transference and Counter-Transference? (P.723)
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- Transference – Clients Reflect on Therapists in ways Reflecting Own Past Experiences
- Counter Transference – Nurses Experience Strong Emotions Towards Client |
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What are the Steps in the Nursing Process? (P.96)
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- Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Outcomes, Planning/Interventions, and Evaluations
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What is Outcome Identification? (P.98)
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- Each ND Must be Identified with Specific Outcomes (Short & Long Term)
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What is the Johari Window how does it Relate to You as a Person and a Nurse? (Notes)
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- Known to Self and Others; Known Only to Others
- Known Only to Self; Know Neither to Self Nor Others - “Healthy Person” is Known to Self and Others |
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Define and Give Descriptions of Each Phase of the Nurse Client Relationship? (P.100)
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- Preinteraction – Look Into Chart; History
- Orientation – Get to Know and Establish Trust - Working – Implementing Interventions to Achieve Outcomes - Termination – End of Relationship Because Client has Achieved Independence |
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Define Culture, What is the Effects of Culture on Therapeutic Management in Psychiatric-Mental Health Care? (P.106, 108)
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- Culture- Complex whole, Including Knowledge, Belief, Art, Morals, Law, Custom
- If Clients Belief System is Different then Effect of Treatment Must Be Considered |
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What is Cultural Blindness? (P.107)
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- Misguided Attempt to Treat All Persons Fairly by Ignoring Differences
- Acting as if Differences Don’t Exist |
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What Communication Barriers Must be Overcome when the Client and the Nurse do not Speak the same Language? (P.111)
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- Non-Verbal Communications Must be Interperted
- Translators Must Know Must Be Culturally Aware Not Simply Translate Language |
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What is a Controlled Trial? A Blinded Trial? Double Blinded Trial? (P.120)
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- Controlled Trials – Epidemiological Studies Conducted Like True Experiments
- Blinded – Subjects Do Not Know if they are Receiving Treatment or Placebo - Double Blinded – Neither Subject or Person Evaluating Know |
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What is Interrater Reliability? (P.122)
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- DSM Diagnosis have Substantial Agreement Between Different Evaluators
- Accord on Diagnosis Between Different Evaluators on the Same Examination |
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What is an Epidemiological Study? (P.120)
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- Controlled Clinical Trials Conducted Like True Experiments
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What is the Tip of the Iceberg Phenomenon? (P.125)
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- Many Persons have Symptoms but Few Seek Care
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What is Epidemiology? Epidemic? Endemic? (P.120)
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- Epidemiology – Study of Causes and Distribution of Injuries
- Epidemic – Disease that Spreads within a Population - Endemic – Constantly and Regularly Found in Population |
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What are Neurotransmitter? What Effects do they have in Mental llness? (P.62, Notes)
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- Neurotransmitters – Unique Chemical Messengers that Travel from Axon of One Cell to Dendrite of Another
- Dopamine – Too Much Schizophrenia; Too Little Parkinsons & Depression - Norepinephrine – Too Much Mania & Anxiety; Too Little Depression - Seratonin – Too Much Axiety; Too Little Depression - Gaba – Too Much Reduces Anxiety; Too Little More Anxiety - Ach – Too Much Depression; Too Little Parkinsons & Alzheimers - Histamine – Too Little Depression |
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Review Basic Brain Anatomy know Functions of Thalamus Limbic System, Hypothalamus, Cortex, Cerebellum? (P.56-58)
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- Thalamus – Relays Wide Range Sensory Input to Cerebral Cortex; Critical Structure for Consciousness
- Hypothalamus – Central Brain Structure Involved in ANS and Endocrine System; Plays Role in Nervous Mechanisms Underlining Moods and Motivational States - Cortex – Part of Brain Consisting of Four Lobes: Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital - Cerebellum – Large Portion of Base of Brain; Coordinates Voluntary Movements |
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What Functions does the Brain Regulate? (Notes)
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- Monitor External World
- Monitor Composition of Body Fluids - Regulates Skeletal Muscle Contractions - Regulates Internal Organs - Regulates/Initiates Basic Drives - Conscious Sensation - Memory - Mood - Thought - Regulates Sleep Cycle - Language |
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What are the Differences Diagnostically between an MRI and a CT Scan? (P.59)
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- Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Can Separate out Feature of the Brain (Magnetic Field)
- Computerized Tomography – Uses X-rays to Form Image |
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What does a PET Scan Measure? (P.192)
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- Positive Emission Tomography
- Tool to Measure Blood Flow Patterns in the Brain - Uptake of Neurotransmitters |
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How do Antipsychotic Medications Produce Desired Effects? (P.684)
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- Bind to Specific Brain Receptor; Most Act on CNS; Specifically Bind to Dopamine
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What are the Movement Disorders? Dystonia, Akathisia Oculogyric Crisis? Tardive Dyskinesia? (P.242, 689)
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- Dystonia – Muscle Spasms Last Few Seconds to Days; Localized to Few Muscles
- Akathisia – Affects Motor Function and Behaviour - Oculogyric Crsis – Extraocular Spasm Forces Eues to a Fixed Upward Gaze - Tardive Dyskinesia – Troublesome Movement Disorder Found in Schizophrenia |
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What is the Older Terminology of Antipsychotic Medications? (P.686)
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- Neuroleptic
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What is a Therapeutic Window? (P. 887)
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- Time for Peak Effectiveness of a Drug
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What is a Half Life? (P.684)
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- Time Required for Plasma Concentration to Decrease to Half of Initial Value
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Where do Most Psychiatric Drugs Act? (P.688)
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- Bind to Brain Dopamine Receptors;
- Produce Degree of Indifference to Internal and External Stimuli - Ignore Stimuli but Respond to Pain |
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. Know Positive and Negative Symptoms and How they Respond to 1st and 2nd Generation Antipsychotic Medications? (P.686, 688)
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- Positive – Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganized Thought Process, Paranoia
- Negative – Withdrawl, Lack of Initiative, Failure to Maintain Hygiene - Postive Symptoms Result in Socailly Disruptive Behaviours; Doing To - Negative Symptoms Do Not Respond to Classical Antipsychotics; Withdrawing - 1st – Associated with Movement Disorders - 2nd - |
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What does it Mean High Potency and Low Potency? (P.686)
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- High - Only Small Amount has Significant Antipsychotic Effects
- Low – Requires Larger Doses to Produce Significant Antipsychotic Effects |
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Know Neurotransmitters? What Disorder is Connected with Excess or Deficient Neurotransmitters?
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See #32
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Know Absorption Times i.e. Pills etc? (P.?)
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- All Current Antipsychotics are Well Absorbed Given Orally & Intermuscular Injection
- Oral 1 to 4 hrs; Injection 15 to 30 min |
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Know the Differences Between Long Acting and Short Acting Preparations of Antipsychotic Medications? (P.688)
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- Short Acting – Antipsychotic Meds are well Absorbed 15-30 min Injection; 1-4 hrs PO
- Have Effect of 24 hrs or Less - Long Acting – Long Duration of Action; Given by Injection Only - Manufactured as Preparation of Sesame Oil - Oil Slows Diffusion Into Adjacent Muscle - However Once Diffused Becomes Rapidly Dissolved |
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Know Major Classifications of Drugs: for example Mood Stabilizers, Antipsychotics, Stimulants? (P. 684, David, Google)
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- Mood Stabilizers – Used to Treat Mood Disorders
- Depression (Antidepressants); Mania (Mood Stabilizers) - Antipsychotics – Control Symptoms of Psychosis such as Hallucinations - Controls Bizarre or Paranoid Behaviour - Stimulants – Drugs Increase Activity of SNS and Produce Sense of Euphoria |
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Know Downside of Taking TCA’s? (P.692)
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- Tricyclic Antidepressants
- First Clinical Antidepressants; Used to Treat Mood Disorders - “Dirty Drugs” Act on Many Receptor Systems - Cause Blurred Vision, Dry Mouth, Rapid Heart Rate, Constipation, Urinary Retention |
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Why is Clozaril a Dangerous Drug to Take? (P.243, 686)
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- Occasionally and Severely Causes Agranulocytosis
- Death of WBCs that is Fatal in Certain Clients - Comes at the Risk of Life-Threatening Bone Marrow Depression |
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What is Lithium, How is it Used? What are the Side Effects? What Cautions must you take with this Drug? (P.700)
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- Used to Prevent and Control Mania
- Side Effects Include Thirst and Polyuria - Also Causes Termors which Effect Fine Motor Activities - Chronic Diarrhea Can be a Sign of Early Toxicity - Cardiotoxic and Not Used in 1st Trimester of Pregnancy - Interacts with Body Sodium Metabolism |
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What is Serotonin Syndrome, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome? (P.695)
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- Rare and Potentially Dangerous Interaction with MAOI
- Caused by SSRI and MAOI Interaction - Agitation, Sweating, Rigidity, Fever, Hyperreflexia, Coma, or Death |
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What do You Need to Watch Out for with MAOI’s? (P.697)
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- Inhibit Metabolism and Detoxification of Biogenic Amines
- Injestion May Cause Severe Stimulation of Nervous System Pathways - Sympathomimetic Drugs Available OTC Must be Avoided - Avoid Foods Containing Tyramine (Cheese, Salami, Sauerkraut, Beer, Yeasts, etc…) - Avoid Beverages Such as Beer & Red Wines |
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What Problematic Interactions with Drugs Can Interfere with Antipsychotic Medication?
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- Sorry, Can’t Find it Either
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What are the Signs and Symptoms of Angranulocytosis? (P.701)
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- Loss of Functioning Polymorphonuclear White Blood Cells
- Leads to Serious Infections - Persons Require Wekly Testing of Blood Counts & Often of Liver Enzymes |
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What are SSRI’s What are Side Effects of these Drugs, What do they Treat? (P.694)
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- Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- First-Line Medications for Moderate Depression - Obsessive Compulsive Disorders; Bulimia; PMS - Inhibit Reuptake of Seratonin After Release into Neural Synapse - Long Elimination Half-Life of 2 wks |
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What are MAOI’s? What Cautions Must You Take with these Drugs? (P.696)
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- Used to Treat Depression; Has Dangerous Reactions with Certain Drugs & Foods
- Should be Used Only with Highly Motivated Clients - Works by Blocking Monoamine Oxidase which Metabolises (Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamine) - See # 53 |