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310 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
afferent
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carry or move inward or toward a central structure
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blood brain barrier
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protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the blood stream from entering delicate brain tissue
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central nervous system (CNS)
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network of nervous tissue found in the brain and spinal cord
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efferent
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carry or move away from central structure
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nerve fiber
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projection of a neuron, especially the axon that transmits impulses
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neurilemma
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additional sheath external to myelin that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in peripheral nervous system
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ventricle
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chamber or cavity of an organ that receives or holds a fluid
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Define brain and what nervous system.
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center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions (CNS)
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Define spinal cord and what nervous system.
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main pathway for transmission of information between body and brain (CNS)
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Define cranial nerves and what nervous system.
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Includes 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in either a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both.
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Define spinal nerves.
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includes 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in both motor and sensory capacities.
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Sympathetic: pupils, saliva, bronchi, heart rate, digestion, blood vessels
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pupils dilate, inhibit saliva, relax bronchi, accelerate heart rate, slow digestion, constrict visceral blood vessels
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Parasympathetic: pupils, saliva, bronchi, heart rate, digestion, blood vessels
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pupils constrict, increase saliva, bronchi constrict, slows heart rate, accelerates digestion, dilates visceral blood vessels
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nervous system identifies changes in blood and lymph____ and provides stimuli to maintain_____
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composition/homeostatis
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nervous system identifies pathologically altered tissue and assists the immune system in containing_____ and promoting_____.
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injury/healing
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nervous tissue, especially the____ system of the heart, transmits a____ impulse.
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conduction/contraction
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nervous system identifies____changes on vascular walls and responds to ___________.
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pressure/regulate blood pressure
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nervous stimuli of digestive organs____food by_____.
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propel/peristalsis
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nerve receptors in the_____ _____ identify the need to defecate.
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lower colon
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the____ regulates hormone production.
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hypothalamus
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nervous system transmits_____ impulses need for delivery of a fetus.
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contraction
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nervous system provides stimuli needed for_____ (female)
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lactaction
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nervous system regulates hormones needed for the_____ ______ (female).
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menstrual cycle
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nervous tissue in reproductive organs receives ______ _______.
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pleasure responses
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nervous system responds to_____ changes in bladder walls that indicate the need to void.
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pressure
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nervous system stimulates the _____ _______ when body fluid levels are low.
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thirst reflex
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sensory nervous system supplies receptors in the skin that respond to _______ _______.
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environmental stimuli
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autonomic nervous system regulates body temperature by ______ and ______.
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shivering/sweating
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nervous system provides impulses for contraction resulting in _____ and _____ movement of muscles.
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voluntary/involuntary
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autonomic nervous tissue responds to _______ changes.
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positional
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nervous system stimulates muscle contractions that create pressure changes necessary for _______. (respiratory)
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ventilation
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nervous system regulates _____ and ______ of breathing.
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rate/depth
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cerebro
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cerebrum
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dendro
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tree
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ganglio
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ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)
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-oid
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resembling
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glio
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glue; neuroglial tissue
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kinesio
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movement
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lepto
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thin/slender
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lexo
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word, phrase
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meningo
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membrane covering brain and spinal cord
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myelo
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bone marrow; spinal cord
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narco
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stupor; numbness; sleep
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neuro
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nerve
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radiculo
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nerve root
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stheno
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strength
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thalamo
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thalamus
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theco
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sheath (usually refers to meninges)
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tono
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tension
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ventriculo
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ventricle (of heart or brain)
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-algesia
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pain
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-algia
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pain
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-asthenia
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weakness, debility
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-esthesia
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feeling
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-kinesia
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movement
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-paresis
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partial paralysis
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-taxia
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order, coordination
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pachy-
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thick
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para-
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near, beside, beyond
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syn-
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union, joined, together
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uni-
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one
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affective disorder
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psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression
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anorexia nervosa
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eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin
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anxiety
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psychological "worry" disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking "what if...."
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ADHD
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disorder affecting children and adults characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task.
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bipolar disorder
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Shannon's crazy grandma
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bulimia nervosa
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eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or using laxatives).
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depression
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mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement, and commonly feeling of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawl.
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mania
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mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood.
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panic attack
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sudden, intense, overwhelming feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger.
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agnosis
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inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact
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asthenia
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weakness, debility, or loss of strength
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ataxia
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lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
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aura
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premonitory awareness of an approaching physical or mental disorder; peculiar sensation that precedes seizures
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autism
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developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption of fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level
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closed head trauma
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injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
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coma
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abnormally deep unconsciousness with absence of voluntary response to stimuli
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concussion
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injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness as a result of injury or trauma to the head
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convulsion
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any sudden and violent contraction of one or more muscles
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dementia
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broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
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dyslexia
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inability to learn and process written language despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
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herpes zoster
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painful, acute infectious disease of the posterior root ganglia of only a few segments of the spinal cord or cranial nerves; also called shingles
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Huntington chorea
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inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration.
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hydrocephalus
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accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
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lethargy
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abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli; also called sluggishness
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neurosis
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nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior
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de-
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cessation
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ment
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mind
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palsy
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paralysis, usually partial, and common characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
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Bell palsy
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facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve, associated with herpes virus
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cerebral palsy
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type of paralysis that affects the movement and body position and, sometimes, speech and learning ability
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paralysis
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loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
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hemiplegia
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paralysis of one side of the body, typically the result of a stroke, also called unilateral paralysis
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paraplegia
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paralysis of both lower limbs, typically a result of trauma or disease of lower spinal cord
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of both arms and legs, typically a result of trauma or disease of upper spinal cord
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psych
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mind
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psychosis
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major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting challenges of daily life.
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spina bifida
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defect in which the neural tube (tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord in the fetus) fails to close during embryogenesis
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meningocele
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form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine.
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myelomeningocele
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most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
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occulta
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form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
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paresthesia
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sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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Reye syndrome
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acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
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sciatica
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severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve felt at the base of the spine, down the thigh, and radiating down the leg due to a compressed nerve
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synscope
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temporary loss of consciousness due to sudden decline of blood flow to the brain, also called fainting
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vasovagal
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synscope due to a drop in blood pressure brought on by the response of the nervous system to abrupt emotional stress, pain, or trauma
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tonic-clonic seizure
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general type of seizure characterized by the loss of consciousness and stiffening of the body (tonic phase) followed by rhythmic, jerking movements (clonic phase)
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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temporary interference with blood supply to the brain lasting from a few minutes to a few hours
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electroencephalography
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recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
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electromyography
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recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess nerve damage
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lumbar puncture
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needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap
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nerve conduction velocity
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test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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series of chemical, microscopic, and microbial tests used to diagnose disorders of the CNS, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage
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angiography
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radiography of the blood vessels after introduction of a contrast medium
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cerebral angiography
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angiography of blood vessels of the brain after injection of a contrast medium; also called cerebral arteriography
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computed tomography (CT)
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imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
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myelography
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diagnostic radiological examination of the spinal canal, nerve roots, and spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into the spinal cord
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine presence of disease
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ultrasonography
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imaging procedure using high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor, also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echogram
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echoencephalography
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ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
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echo
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repeated sound
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cryosurgery
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technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
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stereotaxic radiosurgery
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precise method of locating and destroying sharply circumscribed lesions on specific, tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of the central nervous system; also called stereotaxy or stereotactic surgery
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thalamotomy
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partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain, involuntary movements, or emotional disturbances
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tractotomy
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transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord
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trephination
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technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
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vagotomy
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interruption of the function of the vagus nerve to relieve peptic ulcer
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anesthetics
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produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness
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what general drug is used to act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness
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propofol (Diprivan)
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Name 2 medications used for local anesthetics and how they work.
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procaine and lidocaine
act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect a local area only |
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Name 2 medications used for anticonvulsants and how they work.
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carbamazepine and valproate
prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics |
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Name 2 medications used as antiparkinsons and how they work.
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levodopa and levodopa/carbidopa
control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain |
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Name 2 antipsychotics and how they work.
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clozapine and risperidone
treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system which controls emotions. |
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Name 2 antidepressants and how they work.
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paroxetine and fluoxetine
treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters |
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Name 2 hypnotics and how they work.
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secobarbital and temazepam
depress CNS funtions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness |
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Name 2 psychostimulants and how they work.
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dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate
reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters |
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ADAD
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Alzheimer disease
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; also called Lou Gehrig disease
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BEAM
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brain electrical activity mapping
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CP
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cerebral palsy
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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ectroencephalography
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EMG
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electromyography
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ICP
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intracranial pressure
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LOC
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loss of consciousness
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LP
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lumbar puncture
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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MS
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musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis
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NCV
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nerve conduction velocity
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SNS
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sympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack
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accommodation
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adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye
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acuity
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clearness or sharpness of a sensory function
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adnexa
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tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure
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articulating
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being loosely joined or connected together to allow motion between parts
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humor
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any fluid or semifluid of the body
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labyrinth
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series of intricate communicating passages
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opaque
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substance that does not allow passage of light; not transparent
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perilymph
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fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but found in the cochlea
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photopigment
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light-sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual processes; also called visual pigment
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refractive
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ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another
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tunic
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layer or coat of tissue; also called membrane layer
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amblyo
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dull, dim
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aqueo
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water
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opia
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vision
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conjunctivo
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conjunctiva
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coreo
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pupil
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pupillo
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pupill
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corneo
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cornea
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cyclo
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ciliary body of eye; circular; cycle
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dacryo
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tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
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lacrimo
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tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
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dacryocysto
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lacrimal sac
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myc
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fungus
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glauco
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gray
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gonio
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angle
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irido
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iris
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kerato
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horny tissue; hard; cornea
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oculo
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eye
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opthalmo
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eye
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opto
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eye, vision
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optico
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eye, vision
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phaco
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lens
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photo
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light
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presbyo
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old age
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retino
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retina
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sclero
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hardening; sclera (white of eye)
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eso
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inward
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scoto
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darkness
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vitro
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vitreous body (of eye)
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audio
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hearing
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labyrintho
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labyrinth (inner ear)
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mastoid
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mastoid process
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oto
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ear
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pyo
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pus
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salpingo
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tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
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stapedo
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stapes
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myringo
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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tympano
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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acusia
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hearing
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cusis
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hearing
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opsia
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vision
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achromatopsia
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severe congenital deficiency in color perception, also called complete color blindness
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chalazion
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small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst
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conjuntivitis
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inflammation of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion, producing a red or pink eye; may be secondary to viral, bacterial, or fungal infections or allergy
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convergence
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medial movement of the two eyeballs so that they are both directed at the object being viewed
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diopter (D)
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measurement of refractive error
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ectropion
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eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid
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emmetropia (Em)
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state of normal vision
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entropion
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inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid
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epiphora
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abnormal overflow of tears
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exophthalmos
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protrusion of one or both eyeballs
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hordeolum
|
localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid, generally caused by a bacterial infection; also called stye
|
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metamorphopsia
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visual distortion of objects
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meta
|
change, beyond
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nyctal
|
night
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nyctalopia
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impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness
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nystagmus
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involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision
|
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papilledema
|
edema and hyperemia of the optic disc usually associated with increase intracranial pressure; also called choked disc
|
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photophobia
|
unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
|
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presbyopia
|
loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with the aging process
|
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retinopathy
|
any disorder of retinal blood vessels
|
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diabetic
|
disorder that occurs in patients with diabetes and is manifested by small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels on the retina, leading to scarring and eventual loss of vision
|
|
trachoma
|
chronic, contagious form of conjuctivitis common in the southwestern U.S. that typically leads to blindness
|
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visual field
|
area within which objects may be seen when the eye is in a fixed position
|
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anacusis
|
complete deafness; also called anacusia
|
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conduction impairment
|
blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)
|
|
labyrinthitis
|
inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process
|
|
Meniere disease
|
disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing
|
|
noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL)
|
condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, caused by sounds that are "too long, too loud, or too close"
|
|
otitis externa
|
infection of the external auditory canal
|
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presbyacusis
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impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia
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pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes
|
tubes that are inserted through the tympanic membrane, commonly to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes
|
|
tinnitus
|
perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present
|
|
vertigo
|
hallucination of movement, or a feeling of spinning or dizziness
|
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audiometry
|
measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies
|
|
caloric stimulation test
|
test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo
|
|
electronystagmography
|
method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles
|
|
opthalmodynamometry
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measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels
|
|
tonometry
|
evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force
|
|
visual acuity (VA) test
|
part of an eye exam that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet
|
|
gonioscopy
|
examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma
|
|
opthalmoscopy
|
visual exam of the interior of the eye using a hand-held instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye
|
|
otoscopy
|
visual exam of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
|
|
pneumatic
|
procedure that asses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to change in air pressure
|
|
retinoscopy
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evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light waves
|
|
dacryocystography
|
radiographic imaging procedures of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts
|
|
fluorescein angiography
|
Asses blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorscein dye. The dye circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained.
|
|
orthoptic training
|
exercises intended to improve eye movements or visual tracking that use training glasses, prism glasses, or tinted or colored lenses
|
|
blepharoplasty
|
cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun
|
|
cochlear implant
|
artificial hearing device that produces useful hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear
|
|
cyclodialysis
|
formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma
|
|
enucleation
|
removal of the eyeball from the orbit
|
|
evisceration
|
removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact
|
|
mastoid antrotomy
|
surgical opening of a cavity within the mastoid process
|
|
otoplasty
|
corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna
|
|
phacoemulsification
|
method of treating cataracts by using ultrasonic waves to disintegrate a cloudy lens, which is then aspirated and removed
|
|
radial keratotomy
|
incision of the cornea for treatment of nearsightedness or astigmatism
|
|
sclerostomy
|
surgical formation of an opening in the sclera
|
|
Rinne
|
tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC) of sound
|
|
tuning fork test
|
method use to evaluate sound conduction using a vibrating tuning fork
|
|
Weber
|
tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time
|
|
tympanoplasty
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reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; also called myringoplasty
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ophthalmic antibiotics name and action
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Erythromycin base
inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye |
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antiglaucoma agents 2 names and action
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Timolol (Betimol) and Acetazolamide (Diamox)
decrease aqueous humor production by constricting the pupil to open the angle between the iris and cornea |
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mydriatics name and action
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Atropine sulfate
drugs that disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate |
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ophthalmic decongestants name and action
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Tetrahydrozoline (Murine, Visine)
constrict the small arterioles of the eye, decreasing redness and relieving conjuctival congestion |
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ophthalmic moisturizers name and action
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Buffered isotonic solutions (Akwa Tears, Moisture Eyes)
soothe dry eyes due to environmental irritants and allergens |
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ear antiemetics name and action
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Meclizine (Antrizine, Bonine, Meni-D)
treat and prevent nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting |
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otic analgesics name and action
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Antipyrine and Benzocaine (Allergan Ear drops, A/B Otic)
provide temporary relief from pain and inflammation associated with otic disorders |
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wax emulsifiers name and action
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Carbamide and Peroxide (Debrox Drops, Murine Ear Drops)
Loosen and help remove impacted cerumen (ear wax) |
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Acc
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accommodation
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ARMD, AMD
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age-related macular degeneration
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Ast
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astigmatism
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CK
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conductive keratoplasty; creatine kinase (cardiac enzymes)
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D
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diopter (lens strength)
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Em
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emmetropia
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EOM
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extraocular movement
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IOL
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intraocular lens
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IOP
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intraocular pressure
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LASIK
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laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
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mix astig
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mixed astigmatism
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Myop
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myopia (nearsightedness)
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OD
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right eye
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O.D.
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Doctor of Optometry
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OS
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left eye
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OU
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both eyes
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PERRLA
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pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation
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RK
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radial keratotomy
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SICS
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small incision cataract surgery
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SLE
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slit lamp exam; systematic lupus erythematosus
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ST
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esotropia
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VA
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visual acuity
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VF
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visual field
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XT
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exotropia
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AC
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air conduction
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AD
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right ear
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AS
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left ear
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AU
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both ears
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BC
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bone conduction
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ENT
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ear, nose, and throat
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OM
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otitis media
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PE
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physical exam; pulmonary embolism; pressure equalizing tube
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URI
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upper respiratory infection
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