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54 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Antagonistic
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Acting in opposition, mutually opposing
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electrolytes
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mineral salts (Na, K, Ca) that carry an electrical charge in solution
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A proper balance of electrolytes is essential to the normal functioning of the entire body
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glucagon
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Hormone produced by the pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver change stored glycogen to glucose
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opposes the action of insulin and is used to reverse hypoglycemic reactions in insulin shock
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glucose
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simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion
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hormones
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chemical substances produced by specialized cells of the body that are released slowly in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream
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Hormones are primarily produced by the endocrine glands and are carried through the bloodstream to the target organ
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insulin
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Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that acts to remove sugar (glucose) from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as carbohydrates (glycogen)
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sympathomimetic
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Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones because they produce effects that mimic those brought about by the sympathetic nervous system
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target
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structure, organ, or tissue to which something is directed
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In the endocrine system, a target is the structure, organ, or tissue on which a hormone exerts its specific effect
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adren/o
adrenal/o |
Adrenal glands
Adrenomegaly Adrenalectomy |
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calc/o
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calcium
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crin/o
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secrete
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gluc/o. glyco, glycos/o
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sugar, sweetness
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glucogenesis
hypoglycemia glycosuria |
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kal/i
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potassium
kalemia - potassium in blood |
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
pancreatotomy - incision of pancreas |
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid glands
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thym/o
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thymus gland
thymoma - tumor of the thymus |
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thyr/o, thyroid/o
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thyroid gland
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-crine
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secrete
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-dipsia
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thirst
polydipsia - excessive thirst |
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-gen
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forming, producing, origin
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-toxic
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poison
thyrotoxic - toxic activity of thyroid |
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-uria
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urine
glycosuria - glucose in urine |
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hypo-
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under, below
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acromegaly
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chronic metabolic disorder characterized by gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw
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diuresis
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increased formation and secretion of urine
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Diuresis occurs in such conditions as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and acute renal failure. Alcohol and coffee are common diuretics that increase formation and secretion of urine
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glycosuria
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presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in urine
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graves disease
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multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos(abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)
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hirsutism
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excessive distribution of body hair, especially in woman
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hirsutism in women is usually caused by abnormalities of androgen production or metabolism
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hypercalcemia
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excessive amount of calcium in blood
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hyperkalemia
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excessive amount of potassium in blood
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hyperkalemia is most commonly a result of defective renal excretion of potassium
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hypervolemia
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abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body
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Hypervolemia commonly results from retention of large amounts of sodium and water by the kidneys. Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia include weight gain, edema, dyspnea, and pulmonary congestion
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hyponatremia
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abnormal condition of low sodium in the blood
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insulinoma
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tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
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obesity
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excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase in 20% or more above ideal body weight
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Obesity may be a result of excessive intake of food (exogenous) or metabolic endocrine abnormalities (endogenous)
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morbid obesity
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body mass index of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more lbs over ideal body weight
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morbid obesity is a disease with serious psychological, social, and medical reifications and one that threatens necessary body functions such as respiration
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panhypopituitarism
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total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity
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pheochromocytoma
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small chromaffin cell tumor usually located in the adrenal medulla
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thyroid storm
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crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone, also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
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thyroid storm may occur spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, stress, or thyroidectomy performed on patent who is inadequately prepared with antithyroid drugs. thyroid is considered a medical emergency and if left untreated may be fatal
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virile
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masculine or having characteristics of a man
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virilism
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maculation in a woman or development of secondary sex characteristics in a woman
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exophthalmometry
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Test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in graves disease
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fasting blood glucose
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test that measures blood glucose levels after a 12-hour fast
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glucose tolerance test (GTT)
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test that measures the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals
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insulin tolerance test
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test that determines insulin levels in serum (blood) by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in the blood at regular intervals
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In hypoglycemia, glucose levels may be lower and return to normal more slowly
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Protein-bound iodine (PBI)
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test that measures the concentration of thyroxine in the blood
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the PBI test provides and index of thyroid activity
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thyroid function test (TFT)
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tetst that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
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TFT measures TSH, T3, and T4
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total calcium
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test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders
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radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
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administration of radioactive iodine orally or intravenously as a tracer to detect how quickly the thyroid gland takes up iodine from blood
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helps determine thyroid function
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thyroid scan
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after injection of a radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
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used to identify nodules and tumors of the thyroid gland
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microneurosurgery of the pituitary gland
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micro dissection of a tumor using binocular surgical microscope for magnification
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parathyroidectomy
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excision of the one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
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pinealectomy
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removal of the pineal body
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thymectomy
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excision of the thymus gland
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thyroidectomy
partial subtotal |
excision of thyroid gland
partial - method of choice for removing fibrous nodular thyroid subtotal - removal of most of the thyroid to deliver hyperthyroidism |
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