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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name two enzymes inhibited by insulin at the level of transcription. |
Glucose-6-phosphatase PEP carboxykinase |
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Name the insulin-dependent glucose transporter. Which cells express this transporter type? |
GLUT-4 Expressed in Muscle tissue (skeletal and cardiac) and adipose tissue |
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Name the proteins responsible for the phenomenon that pancreatic β-cells release hardly any insulin at normal blood glucose level whereas at high blood glucose level they release much more insulin. |
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels ATP gated K+ channels GLUT-2 transporter |
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What is the enzymatic activity of the ANF receptor? |
A catalytic receptor that stimulate intracellular guanylyl cyclase activity to convert GTP to cGMP. |
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Describe briefly the hypothalamic effect of leptin leading to reduced food intake. |
Leptin acts on hypothalamus: - Enhance release of alpha-MSH (melanocortin), which signals eat less. - Inhibit the release of NPY, reducing eat-more-signals. |
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Name 4 gastrointestinal hormones. How does ghrelin and PYY regulate food intake? |
Ghrellin PPY CCK Amylin - Ghrellin increases food intake - PPY reduces food intake |
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Via which enzyme and in what direction does insulin regulate the cholesterol synthesis? |
Insulin enhances cholesterol synthesis, through HMG-CoA Reductase. |
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Write the name and the structure of an allosteric inhibitor of carnitin-acyltransferase I. |
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Which hormone, in what direction and in which tissue regulates the activity of GLUT-4? |
Hormone: Insulin Tissue: Muscle (skeletal and cardiac) and adipose tissue Direction: Increases glucose uptake (by releasing GLUT-4 vesicles to fuse with cell membrane, activating more transporters) |
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In which organ, in response to what hormone and under what conditions is glucose formed from glycogen? |
Organ: Liver Condition: Low glucose level Hormone: Glucagon |
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Name the synthetic pathway that is stimulated by glucagon? |
Gluconeogenesis |
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In what direction do sterols regulate the lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue? |
Sterols enhances lipid synthesis, and inhibits lipid breakdown. |
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Name one of the allosteric regulator of glycogen-phosphorylase of liver! |
AMP (High concentration activates glycogen phosphorylase b) |
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Name the enzyme of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, respectively, which is regulated byinsulin? In what direction does insulin regulate these enzymes? |
Insulinenhances fatty acid/cholesterol synthesis. HMG-CoAreductase Citrate lyase |
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Name an allosteric activator, an inhibitor, an activating and an inhibiting hormone thatregulate the activity of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase! |
Hormonal: - Activator:Insulin indirectly? - Inhibitor:Glucagon Allosterically - Activator:Citrate - Inhibitor:Palmitoyl-CoA |
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Write with structures the reaction that is inhibited by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate! |
Reaction catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase |
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By which hormone and in what direction are glycogen synthesis and degradation regulated, respectively, when cAMP-dependent protein kinase is activated in the muscle? |
(cAMP-dependentprotein kinase=PKA) Myocyte/Muscle: Epinephrine activatesPKA, which enhances glycogenDegredation, and inhibits glyogen synthesis. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by fumarylacetoacetase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. |
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Write with structures the reaction catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase. |
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