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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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accommodation
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normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts. When the eye disaccommodates, it focuses from near to far. The ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates
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anterior chamber
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Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor
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aqueous humor
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fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber. A humor is any body fluid, including blood and lymph
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biconvex
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having two sides that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body
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choroid
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middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
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ciliary body
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structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor
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cone
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photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. Cones are responsible for color and central vision
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conjunctiva
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delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball
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cornea
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fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball
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fovea centralis
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tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
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fundus of the eye
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posterior, inner part of the eye
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iris
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colored pigmented membrane surrounding the pupil of the eye
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lens
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transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. It bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina
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macula
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yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
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optic chiasm
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point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain (chiasm means crossing)
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optic disc
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region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light
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optic nerve
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cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)
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pupil
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dark opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass
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refraction
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bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina. Refract means to break (-fract) back (re-)
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retina
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light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
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rod
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photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
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sclera
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tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
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thalamus
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relay center of the brain. Optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex
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vitreous humor
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soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
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aque/o
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water
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aqueous humor
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aque-water
ous-pertaining to |
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blephar/o
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eyelid
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blepharitis
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blephar-eyelid
itis-inflammation |
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blepharoptosis
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blephar-eyelid
ptosis-droop, drag This condition may be caused by abnormalities of the eyelid muscle or by nerve damage |
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conjunctiv/o
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conjunctiva
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conjunctivitis
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conjunctiv-conjunctiva
itis-inflammation |
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cor/o
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pupil
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anisocoria
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anis-unequal
cor-pupil ia-condition Anisocoria may be an indication of neurologic injury or disease |
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corne/o
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cornea
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corneal abrasion
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corne-cornea
al-pertaining to abrasion-scrapping away |
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cycl/o
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ciliary body or muscle of the eye
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cycloplegic
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cycl-ciliary body or muscle of the eye
plegic-paralysis; palsy |
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dacry/o
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tears, tear duct
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dacryoadenitis
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dacry-tears, tear duct
aden-gland itis-inflammation |
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ir/o, irid/o
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iris (colored portion of the eye around the pupil)
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iritis
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ir-iris
itis-inflammation Characterized by pain, sensitivity to light, and lacrimation. A corticosteriod is prescribed to reduce inflammation |
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iridic
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irid-iris
ic-pertaining to |
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iridectomy
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irid-iris
ectomy-removal A portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body |
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kerat/o
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cornea
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keratitis
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kerat-cornea
itis-inflammation |
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lacrim/o
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tears
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lacrimal
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lacrim-tears
al-pertaining to |
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lacrimation
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lacrim-tears
ation-process, condition |
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ocul/o
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eye
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intraocular
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intra-within; into
ocul-eye ar-pertaining to |
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ophthalm/o
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eye
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ophthalmologist
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ophthalm-eye
log-study ist-specialist |
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ophthalmic
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ophthalm-eye
ic-pertaining to |
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ophthalmoplegia
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ophthalm-eye
plegia-paralysis; palsy |
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opt/o, optic/o
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eye, vision
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optic
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opt-eye, vision
ic-pertaining to |
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optometrist
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opt-eye, vision
metr-uterus ist-specialist Nonmedical professional who can examine eyes to determine vision problems and prescribe lenses |
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optician
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optic-eye, vision
an-pertaining to Nonmedical professional who grinds lenses and fits glasses but cannot prescribe lenses |
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palpebr/o
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eyelid
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palpebral
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palpebr-eyelid
al-pertaining to |
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papill/o
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optic disc; nipple-like
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papilledema
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papill-optic disc
edema-swelling This condition is associated with increased intracranial pressure and hyperemia (increased blood flow) in the region of the optic disc |
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phac/o, phak/o
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lens of the eye
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phacoemulsification
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phac-lens of the eye
emulsifi-fragment ation-process, condition Technique of cataract extraction using ultrasonic vibrations to fragment the lens and aspirate it from the eye |
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aphakia
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a-no; without
phak-lens of the eye ia-process, condition This may be congenital, but most often it is the result of extraction of a cataract (clouded lens) without placement of an artificial lens (pseudophakia) |
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pupill/o
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pupil
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pupillary
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pupill-pupil
ary-pertaining to |
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retin/o
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retina
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retinitis
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retin-retina
itis-inflammation Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder (pigmented scar forms on the retina) that destroys retinal rods. Decreased vision and night blindness (nyctalopia) occur |
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hypertensive retinopathy
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hyper-excessive
tensive- retin-retina pathy-surgical repair Lesions such as narrowing of arterioles, microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates (fluid leakage) are found on examination of the fundus |
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scler/o
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sclera (white of the eye)
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corneoscleral
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corne-cornea
scler-sclera al-pertaining to |
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uve/o
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uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
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uveitis
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uve-uvea
itis-inflammation |
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vitre/o
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glassy
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vitreous humor
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vitre-glassy
ous-pertaining to |
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ambly/o
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dull, dim
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amblyopia
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ambly-dull, dim
opia-vision Amblyopia is partial loss of sight and is also known as lazy eye because it is associated with failure of the eyes to work together to focus on the same point |
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dipl/o
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double
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diplopia
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dipl-double
opia-vision |
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glauc/o
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gray
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glaucoma
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glauc-gray
oma-mass or collection of fluid The term comes from the dull gray-green color of the affected eye in advanced cases |
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mi/o
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smaller, less
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miosis
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mi-smaller, less
sis-condition Contraction of the pupil. A miotic is a drug (such as pilocarpine) that causes the pupil to contract |
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mydr/o
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widen, enlarge
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mydriasis
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mydr-widen, enlarge
iasis-abnormal condition Enlargement of pupils. Atropine and cocaine cause dilation, or enlargement, of pupils |
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nyct/o
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night
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nyctalopia
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nyct-night
al-blindness opia-vision Night blindness is poor vision at night, but good vision on bright days. Deficiency of vitamin A leads to nyctalopia |
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phot/o
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light
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photophobia
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photo-light
phobia-fear Sensitivity to light |
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presby/o
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old age
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presbyopia
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presby-old age
opia-vision |
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scot/o
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darkness
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scotoma
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scot-darkness
oma-mass An area of depressed vision surrounded by an area of normal vision; a blind spot. This can result from damage to the retina or the optic nerve |
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xer/o
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dry
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xerophthalmia
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xer-dry
ophthalm-eye ia-pertaining to |
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-opia
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vision
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hyperopia
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hyper-excessive
opia-vision Hypermetropia (farsightedness) |
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-opsia
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vision
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hemianopsia
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hemi-half
an-pertaining to opsia-vision Absence of vision in half of the visual field (space of vision of each eye). Stroke victims frequently have damage to the brain on one side of the visual cortex and experience hemianopsia (the visual loss is in right or left visual field of both eyes) |
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-tropia
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to turn
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esotropia
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eso-inward
tropia-to turn Exotropia is an outward turning of an eye. These conditions are examples of strabismus (defect in eye muscles so that both eyes cannot be focused on the same point at the same time) |
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astigmatism
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defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye
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hyperopia
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farsightedness
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myopia
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nearsightedness
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presbyopia
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impairment of vision as a result of old age
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cataract
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clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
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chalazion
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small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland (meibomian gland) along the margin of the eyelid
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diabetic retinopathy
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retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (new blood vessels form in the retina)
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glaucoma
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increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
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hordeolum
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localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebacecous gland in the eyelid
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macular degeneration
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progressive damage to the macula of the retina
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nystagmus
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repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
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retinal detachment
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two layers of the retina separate from each other
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strabismus
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abnormal deviation of the eye
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fluorescein angiography
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intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils
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ophthalmoscopy
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visual examination of the interior of the eye
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slit lamp microscopy
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examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification
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visual acuity test
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clarity of vision is assessed
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visual field test
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measures the area within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head
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enucleation
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removal of the entire eyeball
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keratoplasty
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surgical repair of the cornea
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laser photocoagulation
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intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels
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LASIK
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use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism
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phacoemulsification
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ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
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scleral buckle
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suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina
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vitrectomy
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removal of the vitreous humor
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auditory canal
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channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum
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auditory meatus
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auditory canal
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auditory nerve fibers
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carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex). These fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
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auditory tube
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channel between the middle ear and teh nasopharynx; eustachian tube
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auricle
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flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear, or pinna
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cerumen
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waxy substance secreted by the external ear; also called ear wax
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cochlea
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snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells
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endolymph
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fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
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eustachian tube
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auditory tube
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incus
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second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; incus means anvil
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labyrinth
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maze-like series of canals of the inner ear. This includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
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malleus
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first ossicle of the middle ear; malleus means hammer
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organ of Corti
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sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
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ossicle
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small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes
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oval window
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membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear
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perilymph
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fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear
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pinna
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auricle; flap of the ear
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semicircular canals
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passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
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stapes
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third ossicle of the middle ear. Stapes means stirrup
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tympanic membrane
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membrane between the outer and the middle ear; also called the eardrum
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vestibule
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central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule contains two structures, the saccule and utricle, that helps to maintain equilibrium
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acous/o
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hearing
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acoustic
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acous-hearing
tic-pertaining to |
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audi/o
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hearing; the sense of hearing
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audiogram
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audio-hearing; the sense of hearing
gram-record |
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audit/o
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hearing
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auditory
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audit-hearing
y-process |
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aur/o, auricul/o
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ear
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aural
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aur-ear
al-pertaining to |
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postauricular
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post-after
auricul-ear ar-pertaining to |
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cochle/o
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cochlea
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cochlear
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cochle-cochlea
ar-pertaining to |
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mastoid/o
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mastoid process
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mastoiditis
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mastoid-mastoid process
itis-inflammation The mastoid process is the posterior portion of the temporal bone extending downward behind the external auditory meatus. Mastoiditis, caused by bacterial infection, spreads from the middle ear |
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myring/o
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eardrum, tympanic membrane
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myringotomy
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myring-eardrum, tympanic membrane
tomy-process of cutting |
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myringitis
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myring-eardrum, tympanic membrane
itis-inflammation |
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ossicul/o
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ossicle
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ossiculoplasty
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ossicul-ossicle
plasty-surgical repair |
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ot/o
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ear
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otic
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ot-ear
ic-pertaining to |
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otomycosis
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ot-ear
myc-fungus sis-condition |
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otopyorrhea
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ot-ear
py-pus rrhea-discharge |
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otolaryngologist
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ot-ear
laryng-larynx log-study ist-specialist |
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salping/o
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eustachian tube, auditory tube
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salpingopharyngeal
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salping-eustachian tube, auditory tube
pharyng-throat eal-pertaining to |
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staped/o
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stapes (third bone of the middle ear)
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stapedectomy
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staped-stapes
ectomy-removal After stapedectomy a prosthetic device is used to connect the incus and the oval window |
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tympan/o
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eardrum, tympanic membrane
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tympanoplasty
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tympan-eardrum, tympanic membrane
plasty-surgical repair Surgical reconstruction of the bones of the middle ear with reconnection of the eardrum to the oval window. |
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vestibul/o
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vestibule
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vestibulocochlear
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vestibul-vestibule
cochle-cochlea ar-pertaining to |
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-acusis, -cusis
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hearing
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hyperacusis
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hyper-excessive
acusis-hearing Abnormally acute sensitivity to sounds |
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-meter
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instrument to measure
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audiometer
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audio-hearing
meter-instrument to measure |
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-otia
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ear condition
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macrotia
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macr-large
otia-ear condition Abnormally large ears; congenital anomaly |
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microtia
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micr-small
otia-ear condition Abnormally large ears; congenital anomaly |
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acoustic neuroma
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benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve in the brain
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cholesteatoma
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collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear
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deafness
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loss of the ability to hear
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Meniere disease
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disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)
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otitis media
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inflammation of the middle ear
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otosclerosis
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hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
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tinnitus
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sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears
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vertigo
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sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects
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audiometry
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testing the sense of hearing
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cochlear implant
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surgically implanted device allowing sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech
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ear thermometry
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measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum
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otoscopy
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visual examination of the ear with an otoscope
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tuning fork test
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test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)
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