Mccurdy World History Unit 1-2 Age Of Absolutism, Enlightenment, French Revolution

Front 1

World History Unit 1-2; Age of Absolutism, Enlightenment, French Revolution, & Industrial Revolution

Back 1

What this set of cards covers.

Front 2

Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.

Back 2

Absolute Monarchy

Front 3

Another name for the Age of Monarchs.

Back 3

Age of Absolutism.

Front 4

Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.

Back 4

Spain

Front 5

Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.

Back 5

Charles V

Front 6

Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II.

Back 6

Hapsburg

Front 7

When Charles V divided his empire his son Phillip II became _________.

Back 7

King of Spain

Front 8

Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy

Back 8

Philip II

Front 9

Philip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by ________.

Back 9

Divine Right

Front 10

The idea that royal power is granted by God.

Back 10

Divine Right of Kings

Front 11

He used wealth (gold & silver) from colonies to build the largest and strongest army in Europe.

Back 11

Philip II

Front 12

Philip II saw Spain as the defender of the __________.

Back 12

Catholic Faith

Front 13

He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestants, Muslims etc.)

Back 13

Philip II

Front 14

Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to ________________.

Back 14

convert or leave Spain

Front 15

Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from Spain.

Back 15

Spanish Inquisition

Front 16

This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.

Back 16

American Colonies

Front 17

Philip II sent it to invade England.

Back 17

Spanish Armada

Front 18

It's defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.

Back 18

Spanish Armada

Front 19

In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between ___________.

Back 19

Catholics & Huguenots

Front 20

French Protestant Calvinists

Back 20

Huguenots

Front 21

First Bourbon King

Back 21

Henry of Navarre/Henry IV

Front 22

Established the Edict Nantes

Back 22

Henry IV

Front 23

Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.

Back 23

Edict of Nantes

Front 24

Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII

Back 24

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 25

Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.

Back 25

Cardinal Richelieu

Front 26

Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants.

Back 26

Thirty Years War

Front 27

Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.

Back 27

Thirty Years War

Front 28

Ended the 30 years war.

Back 28

Peace of Westphalia

Front 29

Made France the strongest country in Europe

Back 29

Peace of Westphalia

Front 30

Louis XIV Minister of Finance

Back 30

Colbert

Front 31

A tax on imports

Back 31

Protective tariff

Front 32

Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.

Back 32

Louis XIV

Front 33

He weakened the power of the nobles by inviting them to live in Luxury in his palace.

Back 33

Louis XIV

Front 34

Strongest French Monarch

Back 34

Louis XIV

Front 35

In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the _______.

Back 35

Edict of Nantes

Front 36

Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600's

Back 36

France

Front 37

Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.

Back 37

Balance of Power

Front 38

War fought to Keep Louis XIV's grandson off the throne of Spain

Back 38

War of Spanish Succession

Front 39

Ended the War of Spanish Succession

Back 39

Treaty of Utrecht

Front 40

Broke French Treasury and military power

Back 40

War of Spanish Succession

Front 41

Prevented the alliance of France and Spain

Back 41

Treaty of Utrecht

Front 42

His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict

Back 42

Louis XIV

Front 43

Philip II's English rival.

Back 43

Elizabeth I

Front 44

Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.

Back 44

Elizabeth I

Front 45

English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Back 45

Sea Dogs

Front 46

Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor monarch.

Back 46

Elizabeth I

Front 47

First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

Back 47

James I

Front 48

Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to ___.

Back 48

God

Front 49

Succeeded James I as King of England.

Back 49

Charles I

Front 50

His reign ended in England's civil war

Back 50

Charles I

Front 51

It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.

Back 51

English Civil War

Front 52

Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War

Back 52

Cavaliers

Front 53

Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War

Back 53

Roundheads

Front 54

Roundheads were mainly _____.(religion)

Back 54

Puritans

Front 55

Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.

Back 55

Oliver Cromwell

Front 56

The English Parliament tried and executed _________.

Back 56

Charles I

Front 57

The House of Commons abolished monarchy and declared Engand a republic called the ____.

Back 57

commonwealth

Front 58

Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a ________.

Back 58

military dictatorship

Front 59

Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship

Back 59

Protectorate

Front 60

Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a _______.

Back 60

Puritan moral Code

Front 61

Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for ___.

Back 61

Catholics

Front 62

Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a ___.

Back 62

Military coup

Front 63

He was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.

Back 63

Charles II

Front 64

The return of Charles II as King of England

Back 64

Restoration

Front 65

Restoration date

Back 65

A.D. 1660

Front 66

The Restoration gave England a ______.

Back 66

Constitutional monarchy

Front 67

Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.

Back 67

James II

Front 68

English feared that James II would make Catholicism the _______.

Back 68

State Religion

Front 69

Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.

Back 69

Glorious Revolution

Front 70

William & Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had accept the ____.

Back 70

English Bill of Rights

Front 71

The Enlgish Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established ________.

Back 71

limited monarchy

Front 72

Date of the Glorious Revolution

Back 72

AD 1688

Front 73

Was selected by the leading German princes, from the leading German princes, but in reality did not have much power (at least not over the other German states).

Back 73

Holy Roman Emperor

Front 74

Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria

Back 74

Pragmatic Sanction

Front 75

Hapsburg

Back 75

Maria Theresa' dynasty.

Front 76

Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.

Back 76

Hohenzollern

Front 77

Centralized Prussian Government. Made Prussian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.

Back 77

Frederick William I

Front 78

Most powerful ruler in Prussian History

Back 78

Frederick II (the Great)

Front 79

He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession

Back 79

Frederick II (the Great)

Front 80

Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Austria loses Silesia.

Back 80

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Front 81

Starts as a struggle between Austria & Prussia becomes a struggle between England & France.

Back 81

Seven Years War

Front 82

Name of the Seven Years war in America

Back 82

French and Indian War

Front 83

In 1650 Russia was an isolated and _________.

Back 83

backward country

Front 84

Title of the Russian ruler.

Back 84

Czar

Front 85

Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia

Back 85

Peter the Great

Front 86

Peter the Great was an ________.

Back 86

absolute monarch

Front 87

Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a ________.

Back 87

warm water port

Front 88

Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia_______.

Back 88

St. Petersburg

Front 89

She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.

Back 89

Cathrine the Great

Front 90

Intellectual movembent of the 17th & 18th centuries.

Back 90

Enlightenment

Front 91

The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of ______.

Back 91

Reason

Front 92

Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious ____________.

Back 92

toleration

Front 93

Enlightenment thinkers sough to construct government free of_____________.

Back 93

tyranny

Front 94

Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with__________.

Back 94

reason

Front 95

The Enlightenment was prompted by the __________ (1500s & 1600s).

Back 95

Scientific Revolution

Front 96

Sun is the center of the Solar System.

Back 96

Heliocentric theory

Front 97

He developed the Heliocentric theory.

Back 97

Copernicus

Front 98

He developed a telescope and supported the Helicentric theory.

Back 98

Galileo

Front 99

Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual.

Back 99

Galileo Galilei

Front 100

Galileo was forced to recant by the ____________.

Back 100

Catholic Church

Front 101

Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.

Back 101

Johannes Kepler

Front 102

His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's

Back 102

Isaac Newton

Front 103

He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world

Back 103

Isaac Newton

Front 104

Newton developed the theory of ____________.

Back 104

Gravity

Front 105

Newton discovered that the universe is governed by__________.

Back 105

natural laws

Front 106

Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as _________.

Back 106

mechanical

Front 107

He developed Calculus.

Back 107

Isaac Newton

Front 108

Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered _________.

Back 108

social contract theorists

Front 109

Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed the people _______..

Back 109

never had the right to revolt.

Front 110

Form of Gorernment advocated by Thomas Hobbes.

Back 110

Absolute Monarchy

Front 111

He believed people had Natural Rights to life, liberty and property.

Back 111

John Locke

Front 112

John Locke believed the foundation of Government was a __________.

Back 112

Social Contract

Front 113

John Locke Believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, they had the_________.

Back 113

Right to revolt

Front 114

John Locke wrote in defense of the___________.

Back 114

Glorious Revolution

Front 115

French Thinkers of the enlightenment.

Back 115

Philosophes(not philosophers)

Front 116

Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. (wrote Candide).

Back 116

Voltaire

Front 117

He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopdia.

Back 117

Diderot

Front 118

Banned Diderot's Encyclopedia.

Back 118

Catholic Church

Front 119

Diderot was _________ for his writings in the Encyclopedia.

Back 119

imprisoned

Front 120

Advocated a free market economy in the "Wealth of Nations."

Back 120

Adam Smith

Front 121

Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone).

Back 121

Laissez faire

Front 122

He believed the best way to protect people's liberties was by separating the power of government into legislative, executive and judicial branches.

Back 122

Montesquieu

Front 123

Criticized the enlightenment's excessive emphasis on reason, he believed people needed to rely more on emotion and instinct.

Back 123

Rousseau

Front 124

Meetings for the discussion of ideas.

Back 124

Salons

Front 125

He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.

Back 125

Francis Bacon

Front 126

He believed you should doubt everything which cannont be proved, and in the search for truth you should start NOT with faith but with doubt.

Back 126

Rene Descartes

Front 127

The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his ________.

Back 127

own existence

Front 128

"I think therefore I am."

Back 128

Rene Descartes

Front 129

Doubt and question all ideas.

Back 129

Skepticism

Front 130

A denial of the possibility of knowledge

Back 130

Skepticism

Front 131

Total skeptic.

Back 131

David Hume

Front 132

He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause & effect.

Back 132

David Hume

Front 133

He believed that reason could NOT be used to explain questions of metaphysics.

Back 133

Immanuel Kant

Front 134

Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.

Back 134

Metaphysics

Front 135

Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in ________ cannot be known.

Back 135

experience

Front 136

John Locke believed the mind to be a __________.

Back 136

Tabula rasa(blank slate)

Front 137

Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.

Back 137

Deism

Front 138

Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.

Back 138

Deism

Front 139

Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that _________ could explain the universe.

Back 139

reason alone

Front 140

Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.

Back 140

Enlightened Despots

Front 141

When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies _____.

Back 141

reacted

Front 142

Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they ___.

Back 142

declared their independence.

Front 143

Created a government with Montesquieu's separation of powers and a federal system.

Back 143

U.S. Constitution

Front 144

Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments.

Back 144

Federalism

Front 145

Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.

Back 145

French Revolution

Front 146

Name for France's social classes.

Back 146

Estates

Front 147

King of France at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Back 147

Louis XVI

Front 148

First Estate.

Back 148

Catholic Clergy

Front 149

Second Estate.

Back 149

Noblility

Front 150

Bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.

Back 150

Third Estate

Front 151

Middle Class

Back 151

Bourgeoisie

Front 152

Large Gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First & Second Estate don't pay taxes, Elightenment ideas of freedom & Equality, growth of the middle class, & wide spread famine.

Back 152

Causes of the French Revolution.

Front 153

In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the _________ for the first time in over 150 years.

Back 153

Estates General.

Front 154

Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to _____.

Back 154

raise money

Front 155

Upper two estates wanted to vote as ______.

Back 155

Estates

Front 156

Third Estate wanted to vote as______.

Back 156

delegates.

Front 157

Louis XVI refused the Third Estate’s request for a _________.

Back 157

Mass Meeting (voting as delegtes)

Front 158

The Third Estate declared itself to be the _____________.

Back 158

National Assembly.

Front 159

Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constituion was completed.

Back 159

Tennis court oath.

Front 160

Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.

Back 160

Louis XVI

Front 161

Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.

Back 161

Louis XVI

Front 162

French Royal Prison, attacked by Parisians to defend the National Assembly.

Back 162

Bastille.

Front 163

Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.

Back 163

Storming of the Bastille.

Front 164

Voted to end special privileges of Nobility & Clergy (Old Regime).

Back 164

National Assembly.

Front 165

National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women.

Back 165

“Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen.”

Front 166

In 1791 the National Assembly created a ________.

Back 166

Limited Constitutional Monarchy.

Front 167

Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.

Back 167

sans-culottes

Front 168

Extreme radicals who demanded “true democracy.”

Back 168

Jacobins.

Front 169

Unpopular Queen of France.

Back 169

Marie Antoinette

Front 170

National Assembly declared war on ________.

Back 170

Austria

Front 171

Seized control of Assembly, removed king from office. (French Revolution)

Back 171

Jacobins.

Front 172

Jacobins killed people they claimed were _____________.

Back 172

Counter-revolutionaries

Front 173

Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution.

Back 173

National Convention

Front 174

National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a _______.

Back 174

Republic

Front 175

Convicted of Treason and executed by the National Convention.

Back 175

Louis XVI

Front 176

During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries ____.

Back 176

allied against France

Front 177

Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the ____________.

Back 177

Committee of Public Safety

Front 178

Jacobin became the head of the Committee of Public Safety.

Back 178

Robespierre

Front 179

To stop counter-revolution the committee began the ________. (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined).

Back 179

Reign of Terror

Front 180

Used by committee to deal with invading armies.

Back 180

Mass Moblization

Front 181

Whole society helps to defeat enemy.

Back 181

Mass Moblization

Front 182

Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.

Back 182

Robespierre

Front 183

Robespierre’s death ended the _________.

Back 183

Reign of Terror

Front 184

Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror.

Back 184

Bourgeoisie

Front 185

Conservative Government set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror.

Back 185

Directory

Front 186

Put in Command of France’s armies by the Directory.

Back 186

Napoleon.

Front 187

Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d’ etat.

Back 187

Napoleon.

Front 188

Quick overthrow of government by a small group.

Back 188

Coup d’ etat.

Front 189

As first Consul of the French Republic Napoleon assumed ____.

Back 189

Dictatorial powers.

Front 190

Used soldiers to restore order to France.

Back 190

Napoleon.

Front 191

Made the law clear and consistent in France.

Back 191

Napoleonic code

Front 192

Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by __________.

Back 192

The will of the people

Front 193

Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of ________.

Back 193

Europe

Front 194

British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Back 194

Horatio Nelson.

Front 195

invading Britain

Back 195

Because of his defeat at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on _____.

Front 196

Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of __________.

Back 196

European ports

Front 197

Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain.

Back 197

Russia

Front 198

Was a disaster because of winter conditions.

Back 198

Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

Front 199

Tactic used by Russians against Napoleon.

Back 199

Scorched-earth.

Front 200

On retreat from Russia Napoleon lost _______.

Back 200

4/5 of his troops

Front 201

Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Leipzig Germany.

Back 201

Battle of Nations.

Front 202

After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to _______.

Back 202

Elba

Front 203

Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France______.

Back 203

won widespread support

Front 204

Napoleon’s brief comeback.

Back 204

The 100 days.

Front 205

Napoleon’s final defeat to Britain and Prussia.

Back 205

Waterloo.

Front 206

After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to _________.

Back 206

St. Helena

Front 207

Date of Waterloo.

Back 207

A.D. 1815

Front 208

Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the _____ across Europe.

Back 208

French Revolution

Front 209

After the defeat of Napoleon it was held to create a new balance of power to preserve the peace.

Back 209

Congress of Vienna

Front 210

Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.

Back 210

Metternich