Mccurdy World History Term Set 2-3 Cold War & New Nations Emerge

Front 1

Nonviolent hostility between the U.S. & Soviet Union that arose during the 1950s.

Back 1

Cold War

Front 2

Emerged from World War II as superpowers.

Back 2

U.S. & Soviet Union

Front 3

Resulted in competing Communist & Western alliances.

Back 3

Cold War

Front 4

One contributing factor to the Cold War was the fact that Stalin broke a promise he had made at Yalta for ___________.

Back 4

free elections in Eastern Europe

Front 5

Both the U.S. & the Soviet Union formed them with the countries they protected or occupied.

Back 5

military alliances.

Front 6

Consisted of the U.S. and its Western European allies.

Back 6

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Front 7

Included the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.

Back 7

Warsaw Pact

Front 8

A country whose policies are dictated by another country.

Back 8

satellite

Front 9

Division of Europe into Communist and Democratic regions.

Back 9

Iron Curtain

Front 10

At Yalta they agreed to divide it into four occupation zones.

Back 10

Germany

Front 11

Germany

Back 11

The occupation zones resulted in a democratic and a communist _________.

Front 12

Democratic Germany

Back 12

West Germany

Front 13

Communist Germany

Back 13

East Germany

Front 14

In addition to dividing Germany after WWII ________ was also divided.

Back 14

Berlin

Front 15

West Berlin was completely surrounded by ________.

Back 15

East Germany

Front 16

Was created so people could not escape to West Berlin.

Back 16

Berlin wall

Front 17

In East Germany, Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia there were revolts against____.

Back 17

Soviet domination

Front 18

USSR

Back 18

Soviet Union

Front 19

First major leader to succeed Stalin.

Back 19

Nikita Khrushchev

Front 20

When the Soviets developed Nuclear Weapons in 1949 the result was a _________.

Back 20

Nuclear arms race

Front 21

Building up nuclear weapons to keep an opponent from using their nuclear weapons.

Back 21

nuclear deterrence

Front 22

The belief that if nuclear weapons were balanced between sides, neither side would use its weapons because it would result in their own destruction.

Back 22

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

Front 23

Made the U.S. & USSR reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict.

Back 23

fear of global nuclear destruction

Front 24

To reduce the threat of nuclear war the two sides met in ______.

Back 24

disarmament talks

Front 25

Resulted in two agreements, one in 1972 & one in 1979, to limit the number of nuclear weapons.

Back 25

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Front 26

Missiles designed to shoot down incoming missiles.

Back 26

Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)

Front 27

ABMs were dealt with in SALT treaties because of the fear that they might make _____.

Back 27

Nuclear deterrence ineffective

Front 28

Missile defense program launched by Ronald Reagan.

Back 28

Star Wars

Front 29

Critics of the Star Wars defense system believed it violated an ______.

Back 29

ABM treaty

Front 30

Nuclear Arms treaty reached in 1991.

Back 30

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

Front 31

American and Soviet arms control agreements led to an era of _________.

Back 31

détente

Front 32

Relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the USSR in the 1970s.

Back 32

détente

Front 33

As more nations developed nuclear weapons, a group of nations agreed not to develop nuclear weapons or stop their proliferation.

Back 33

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Front 34

Ended the period of détente.

Back 34

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Front 35

When WWII ended the Soviets were assisting communist forces in ________.

Back 35

China & Korea

Front 36

Doctrine giving military and economic aid to help countries block communist takeovers.

Back 36

Truman Doctrine

Front 37

The Truman doctrine was in effect the policy of _____.

Back 37

containment

Front 38

U.S. leaders attempted to keep communism from spreading to other nations in a policy of ______.

Back 38

containment

Front 39

As nations sought independence from imperial powers after WWII some sought the support of the U.S. others sought the support of the ___.

Back 39

Soviet Union

Front 40

At times the Cold War got "hot" and erupted into "shooting wars" especially in _______.

Back 40

Korea & Vietnam

Front 41

Led a successful revolution and Communist takeover in Cuba.

Back 41

Fidel Castro

Front 42

Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by U.S. trained Cuban exiles supported by President Kennedy.

Back 42

Bay of Pigs

Front 43

Kennedy uses naval blockade to stop Soviet nuclear weapons from being placed in Cuba.

Back 43

Cuban Missile Crisis

Front 44

While Western democracies supported free markets Communism supported a _____.

Back 44

command economy

Front 45

Production & prices are based on supply and demand.

Back 45

free market

Front 46

Production & prices are determined by the government.

Back 46

command economy

Front 47

Fear that communists inside the U.S. might try to undermine the government. (late 1940s early 1950s)

Back 47

Red Scare (actually second Red Scare)

Front 48

Led a hunt for communists he thought were in the U.S. government.

Back 48

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Front 49

The newly created United Nations' headquarters were in ______.

Back 49

New York City

Front 50

During the 1950s and 1960s the U.S. experienced a post war economic _____.

Back 50

boom

Front 51

During the post war boom many Americans left the cities for the _____.

Back 51

suburbs

Front 52

The post war economic boom was brought to an end by ________.

Back 52

high oil prices

Front 53

The post war economic boom ended with the _______.

Back 53

recession of 1974

Front 54

Despite the post war economic boom in the U.S. minorities still suffered from __________.

Back 54

segregation & discrimination

Front 55

Even though it made segregated schools unconstitutional it did not end the practice in the South.

Back 55

Brown versus Board of Education

Front 56

Gifted preacher who emerged as a leader of the Civil Rights movement.

Back 56

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Front 57

The civil rights movement inspired the women's rights movement to end _______.

Back 57

gender based discrimination

Front 58

The U.S. gave massive economic aid which revived Western European economies after WWII.

Back 58

Marshall Plan

Front 59

After WWII many Western democracies started to move toward assuming the basic responsibility for people's economic well being by building the ________.

Back 59

Welfare State

Front 60

The Welfare state requires higher _____.

Back 60

taxes

Front 61

Promoted free trade and economic cooperation among the nations of Western Europe. (formed 1957)

Back 61

European Community (Common Market)

Front 62

Led the U.S. occupation of Japan after WWII.

Back 62

General Douglas MacArthur

Front 63

Under U.S. occupation Japan established a parliamentary democracy and experienced an amazing _________.

Back 63

economic recovery

Front 64

Japan's economic miracle relied on _____.

Back 64

exports

Front 65

After Japan's defeat civil war resumed in China between the ____________.

Back 65

Communists & Nationalists

Front 66

Leader of the Communists in China after WWII.

Back 66

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Front 67

Leader of the Nationalists in China after WWII.

Back 67

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Front 68

Communists won control of mainland China in _____. (year)

Back 68

1949

Front 69

The communists won in China in large part because they won the support of the _____.

Back 69

peasants

Front 70

After defeat the Chinese Nationalists fled to ____.

Back 70

Taiwan

Front 71

Under Chinese communism Buddhism, Confucianism and other traditional beliefs were ____.

Back 71

suppressed

Front 72

Mao forced people to move from small villages and individual farms to communes of thousands of people on thousands of acres.

Back 72

Great Leap Forward

Front 73

The "Great Leap Forward" proved to be a dismal failure and as many as 55 million Chinese are thought to have ___________.

Back 73

starved to death

Front 74

Mao Zedong put down any dissent with ___.

Back 74

beatings, imprisonment, & execution

Front 75

In 1966 Mao urged young Chinese to purge China of "bourgeois" tendencies in the ____.

Back 75

Cultural Revolution

Front 76

Resulted in bands of Chinese teenagers humiliating, beating, and even killing anybody they considered to be "bourgeois."

Back 76

Cultural Revolution

Front 77

Skilled workers & managers were forced to work on farms or in labor camps in China.

Back 77

Cultural Revolution

Front 78

It resulted in a slowed economy and the threat of civil war until Mao had the army restore order.

Back 78

Cultural Revolution

Front 79

When China first became communist it was supported by the Soviet Union but as the two nations grew to distrust each other the Soviets _______.

Back 79

withdrew their aid and advisors

Front 80

By "playing the China card" or improving relations with Communist China the U.S. hoped to _____.

Back 80

isolate the Soviets

Front 81

In 1971 the U.S. allowed the Communists to replace Taiwan in the United Nations and in 1979 the U.S. established _________.

Back 81

diplomatic relations with China.

Front 82

After WWII the U.S. and Soviet forces agreed to divide this nation at the 38th parallel.

Back 82

Korea

Front 83

Communist Dictator of North Korea after WWII.

Back 83

Kim Il Sung

Front 84

The North Koreans attacked the South in June of _________.

Back 84

1950

Front 85

Because of the absence of the Soviet Union it condemned the North Korean invasion and used a force made up mostly of U.S. troops to fight the North Koreans.

Back 85

United Nations

Front 86

The North Koreans overran most of the South until they were stopped by the U.N. forces, the U.N. forces then counter attacked and drove back close to the ______.

Back 86

Chinese border

Front 87

After Mao Zedong sent hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops to help the North Koreans the U.N. forces were driven back to the _____.

Back 87

38th parallel

Front 88

The Korean War turned into a stalemate and both sides signed an armistice to end fighting in ____. (year)

Back 88

1953

Front 89

After the Korean War nearly two million North and South Koreans remained dug in on either side of the _____.

Back 89

demilitarized zone (DMZ)

Front 90

Conquered Indochina in the 1800s and controlled it until it was overrun by Japan in WWII.

Back 90

French

Front 91

During WWII the Japanese faced stiff resistance in Indochina (especially in Vietnam) from _______.

Back 91

guerrillas

Front 92

Small groups of loosely organized soldiers who make surprise raids.

Back 92

guerrillas

Front 93

After the Japanese were defeated they set out to re-establish authority in Indochina.

Back 93

French

Front 94

Leader of the Vietnamese who fought the French.

Back 94

Ho Chi Minh

Front 95

Ho Chi Minh was both a nationalist and a ______.

Back 95

communist

Front 96

Vietnamese victory over the French in 1954 that convinced the French to leave Vietnam

Back 96

Dienbienphu

Front 97

Indochina countries that had gained independence separate from Vietnam.

Back 97

Cambodia & Laos

Front 98

After 1954 the struggle for Vietnam became part of the _______.

Back 98

Cold War

Front 99

After 1954 Western and communist powers agreed to a temporary division of _______.

Back 99

Vietnam

Front 100

After Vietnam was divided Ho Chi Minh's communists controlled North Vietnam and South Vietnam was controlled by noncommunist led by ____.

Back 100

Ngo Dinh Diem

Front 101

Ngo Dinh Diem and the South Vietnamese were supported by the ______.

Back 101

United States

Front 102

The agreement to divide Vietnam included an agreement to hold elections to reunite Vietnam, these elections were never held because _______.

Back 102

Diem and the U.S. feared the communists would win

Front 103

The majority of South Vietnamese actually supported ___________.

Back 103

Ho Chi Minh

Front 104

Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese favored ___.

Back 104

South Vietnam

Front 105

The U.S. supported Ngo Dinh Diem's regime because they feared the _________.

Back 105

spread of communism

Front 106

Ngo Dinh Diem's dictatorial regime alienated many Vietnamese because of its __________.

Back 106

corruption and brutal tactics

Front 107

Many Vietnamese believed South Vietnam was under the foreign domination of the ____.

Back 107

U.S.

Front 108

By the early 1960s many South Vietnamese communist guerrilla fighters, with the support of North Vietnam were fighting against the ____.

Back 108

South Vietnamese forces

Front 109

Belief that if one country falls to communism its neighbors would also fall.

Back 109

Domino Theory

Front 110

National Liberation Front, the South Vietnamese communist rebels trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.

Back 110

Viet Cong

Front 111

Ho Chi Minh determined to unite Vietnam supported the _____.

Back 111

Viet Cong

Front 112

The first attack on an American destroyer by the North Vietnamese was provoked by a South Vietnamese raid on the North, the second attack didn't actually happen, it was only a false sonar reading.

Back 112

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

Front 113

Claimed that both the first attack in the Gulf of Tonkin and the second (which didn't happen) were both unprovoked.

Back 113

President Lyndon Johnson

Front 114

Used the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to get congress to authorize his enormous escalation of U.S. forces in Vietnam.

Back 114

President Lyndon Johnson

Front 115

In August of 1964 it was passed by Congress giving President Johnson the authority to use whatever force he thought necessary in Vietnam.

Back 115

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Front 116

Number of U.S. men sent to Vietnam from 1964 to 1973.

Back 116

2.5 million

Front 117

A large percentage of the men who served in Vietnam and often as high as two thirds of the men who served in combat were______.

Back 117

drafted

Front 118

About 80% of the soldiers who served in Vietnam came from the ______.

Back 118

working and lower classes

Front 119

U.S. Soldiers in Vietnam were generally not trying to take more territory, their primary objective was to increase the _______.

Back 119

body count

Front 120

Because they came from the Vietnamese peasants the U.S. soldiers had a great deal of difficulty finding and identifying the _______.

Back 120

Viet Cong

Front 121

Because many Vietnamese villagers gave refuge to the Viet Cong the villages themselves sometimes became _____.

Back 121

military targets

Front 122

A coordinated attack against cities and bases in South Vietnam by the Viet Cong & North Vietnamese in 1968.

Back 122

Tet Offensive

Front 123

Converted many Americans to the view that the Vietnam war could not be won.

Back 123

Tet Offensive

Front 124

Due to opposition to the Vietnam war he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.

Back 124

Lyndon Johnson

Front 125

Under increasing pressure to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam he negotiated the Paris Peace Accord in 1973.

Back 125

Richard Nixon

Front 126

The U.S. agreed to withdraw its troops and North Vietnam agreed not to send any more troops into the South.

Back 126

Paris Peace Accord

Front 127

Two years after the U.S. had withdrawn from Vietnam the _______.

Back 127

North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam

Front 128

Also fell to communism after the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam

Back 128

Cambodia & Laos

Front 129

Communist guerrillas who came to power in Cambodia.

Back 129

Khmer Rouge

Front 130

Ruler of the Khmer Rouge who oversaw work camps and the genocide of more than a million Cambodians.

Back 130

Pol Pot

Front 131

After Cambodia and Laos communism did not spread any farther in ______.

Back 131

Southeast Asia

Front 132

It was unable to produce the incentive in the people to produce enough goods to keep the people happy.

Back 132

command economy

Front 133

When Hungarians tried to break free of Soviet control in 1956, he sent tanks in to enforce obedience.

Back 133

Nikita Khrushchev

Front 134

Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Back 134

Prague Spring

Front 135

Ordered the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 to halt the reform movement there.

Back 135

Leonid Brezhnev

Front 136

The Cold War arms race put more pressure on the Soviets than the U.S. because of the ____.

Back 136

Stagnant Soviet economy

Front 137

The Soviet Vietnam.

Back 137

Afghanistan

Front 138

The Soviet supported government of Afghanistan attempted to ________.

Back 138

modernize

Front 139

Afghan warlords opposed _______.

Back 139

land redistribution

Front 140

Afghan Muslims opposed communist _____.

Back 140

atheism

Front 141

When rebels attempted overthrow the Soviet backed government of Afghanistan _____.

Back 141

Soviets troops moved in

Front 142

Muslim religious warriors who fought the Soviets in Afghanistan.

Back 142

Mujahedin

Front 143

Soviet leader who came to power and urged reforms in 1985.

Back 143

Mikhail Gorbachev

Front 144

Signed arms control treaties with the U.S. and pulled Soviet troops out of Afghanistan.

Back 144

Mikhail Gorbachev

Front 145

Gorbachev's policy of openness and ending censorship.

Back 145

glasnost

Front 146

Gorbachev's policy of restructuring the government and the economy.

Back 146

perestroika

Front 147

Gorbachev's policies actually spread unrest across the ______.

Back 147

Soviet empire

Front 148

Independent labor union that demanded changes in Poland.

Back 148

Solidarity

Front 149

Leader of Solidarity and eventually president of Poland.

Back 149

Lech Walesa

Front 150

Dissident writer and human rights activists who gets elected president of Czechoslovakia.

Back 150

Vaclav Havel

Front 151

The Berlin Wall came down in 1989 and in 1990 __________.

Back 151

Germany was reunified

Front 152

When Gorbachev was prepared to sign a treaty reducing the power of the soviet government in 1991 ______________.

Back 152

Communist hardliners tried to seize control

Front 153

Russian President who defied the Communist hardliners and forced them to give up control.

Back 153

Boris Yeltsin

Front 154

On December 8, 1991, leaders of the Soviet Republics agreed to _______.

Back 154

dissolve the Soviet Union

Front 155

In 1992 it was divided into Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Back 155

Czechoslovakia

Front 156

In the 1940s, tension between Hindus and Muslims led to violence in ______.

Back 156

India

Front 157

The British decided to partition India into ____.

Back 157

two countries

Front 158

After the British partition areas where Hindus were a majority became ____.

Back 158

India

Front 159

After the British partition areas where Muslims were a majority became _____.

Back 159

Pakistan

Front 160

Pakistan and India became independent nations in _____.

Back 160

1947

Front 161

After the partition of India millions of Muslims and Hindus moved to the country where their _________.

Back 161

faith was the majority

Front 162

As Muslims and Hindus moved to new countries on the Indian sub-continent they often ____.

Back 162

attacked and killed each other

Front 163

India and Pakistan have fought wars over the disputed region of ________.

Back 163

Kashmir

Front 164

The tension between India and Pakistan is of even greater concern to the rest of the world because they both have developed ______.

Back 164

nuclear weapons

Front 165

The British colony of Ceylon gained independence in 1948 and changed its name in 1972 to _____.

Back 165

Sri Lanka

Front 166

In Sri Lanka the minority Hindu Tamils have fought for a separate nation against the majority _____.

Back 166

Sinhalese Buddhist majority

Front 167

India's first Prime Minister made attempts to improve the conditions of the dalits (outcastes).

Back 167

Jawaharlal Nehru

Front 168

When Nehru died in office his daughter replaced him in office.

Back 168

Indira Gandhi

Front 169

Religious minority in India but the majority in the province of Punjab.

Back 169

Sikhs

Front 170

In 1984, in an effort to gain independence for Punjab, Sikhs occupied their holiest shrine the __________.

Back 170

Golden Temple

Front 171

After talks failed she sent troops to oust the Sikhs from the Golden Temple and Thousands of Sikhs were killed.

Back 171

Indira Gandhi

Front 172

She was killed by her Sikh bodyguards.

Back 172

Indira Gandhi

Front 173

World's most populated democracy.

Back 173

India

Front 174

A thousand miles separated West Pakistan from _______.

Back 174

East Pakistan

Front 175

In 1971 the Bengalis declared East Pakistan an independent nation ____.

Back 175

Bangladesh

Front 176

Pakistan tried to crush the Bengali rebels, but the rebels were successful because of support from ___.

Back 176

India

Front 177

A new movement started in 1955 which supported political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War superpowers.

Back 177

nonalignment

Front 178

In Southeast Asia, Thailand and Malaysia have prospered as __________.

Back 178

market economies

Front 179

In Southeast Asia Myanmar has suffered under _____.

Back 179

autocratic government

Front 180

A nation of 13,000 islands gained independence after WWII and is 90% Muslim.

Back 180

Indonesia

Front 181

When Indonesia first won independence it was ____.

Back 181

democratic

Front 182

In 1966, an army general, Suharto took power and ruled as dictator until 1998.

Back 182

Indonesia

Front 183

After Suharto was forced to resign in 1998, a series of democratically elected governments tried to restore stability.

Back 183

Indonesia

Front 184

In 1975 Indonesia seized the former Portuguese colony _____.

Back 184

East Timor

Front 185

Mostly Catholic fought and gained independence from Indonesia in 2002.

Back 185

East Timor

Front 186

Gained freedom from U.S. control in 1946.

Back 186

Philippines.

Front 187

The Filipino constitution created a democratic government but politics were controlled by a ______.

Back 187

wealthy elite

Front 188

Elected President of the Philippines in 1965, abandoned democracy and made himself dictator.

Back 188

Ferdinand Marcos

Front 189

When Marcos finally held elections in 1986 she was elected.

Back 189

Corazon Aquino

Front 190

Marcos tried to deny the results and prevent Aquino from becoming president, but demonstrations in Manila forced him to resign.

Back 190

"people power" revolution

Front 191

In the Philippines, communist and Muslim rebels continue to _______.

Back 191

fight across the country

Front 192

After WWII many African nations demanded independence, a few developed peace and democracy, but most experienced _________.

Back 192

civil wars, military rule, or corrupt dictators

Front 193

Because Europeans had divided Africa into colonies without regard for ethnic groups, when African countries did gain independence they often had ________.

Back 193

ethnic conflicts

Front 194

Most of the people in the Middle East are ______. (religion)

Back 194

Muslim

Front 195

There are Christian and other religious minorities in the Middle East and Israel is largely _______.

Back 195

Jewish

Front 196

Borders drawn by Europeans divided their homeland among Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.

Back 196

Kurds

Front 197

In all the countries where they live Kurds are a _____.

Back 197

minority

Front 198

Kurds have faced the greatest discrimination in ________.

Back 198

Turkey & Iraq

Front 199

Jews had been driven out of what is today Palestine in the first century, but started to return in the _______.

Back 199

1800s

Front 200

The Holocaust created worldwide support for a _______.

Back 200

Jewish Homeland in Palestine

Front 201

After WWII Jews migrated in large numbers to ______.

Back 201

Palestine

Front 202

The U.N. drew up a plan to divide Palestine into an ______.

Back 202

Arab and a Jewish state

Front 203

Rejected the idea of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Back 203

Arabs

Front 204

When Britain withdrew from Palestine the Jews proclaimed the independent state of ______.

Back 204

Israel

Front 205

After Israel declared its independence the Arabs ______.

Back 205

launched the first of several wars against them

Front 206

Victors in the Arab Israeli wars.

Back 206

Israel

Front 207

As a result of the first Arab Israeli war 700,000 Palestinian Arabs ________.

Back 207

fled Palestine

Front 208

The Middle East is of great importance to the U.S. and other powers because of its huge ______.

Back 208

oil reserves

Front 209

The Middle East nations with large oil reserves are part of _________.

Back 209

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Front 210

In 1973, OPEC blocked oil shipments to the U.S. to protest the ________.

Back 210

U.S. support of Israel

Front 211

The OPEC oil embargo contributed to a _____.

Back 211

World Wide Recession

Front 212

Some Middle Eastern countries have secular, or non-religious, _________.

Back 212

governments & laws

Front 213

By the 1970s some Muslim leaders were calling for a return to ___________.

Back 213

Sharia law

Front 214

Laws based upon the Quran and the Hadith.

Back 214

Sharia law

Front 215

Their rights are severely limited in countries governed by Sharia law.

Back 215

Women

Front 216

Is strategically important because it shares a border with Israel and controls the Suez Canal.

Back 216

Egypt

Front 217

Seized power in Egypt in 1952, worked to modernize Egypt and end Western domination.

Back 217

Gamel Abdel Nasser

Front 218

Nationalized the Suez Canal ending British and French Control. (person)

Back 218

Gamel Abdel Nasser

Front 219

Nasser fought two unsuccessful wars against __.

Back 219

Israel

Front 220

Nasser's successor who made peace with Israel.

Back 220

Anwar Sadat

Front 221

Assassinated Anwar Sadat for not ending corruption & poverty & for making peace with Israel.

Back 221

Muslim fundamentalists (Islamists)

Front 222

Ruled Iran, with U.S. support.

Back 222

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Front 223

The Shah's attempts to Westernize Iran upset _________.

Back 223

Islamic Fundamentalists

Front 224

The Shah's secret police used terror to drive his critics into ______.

Back 224

exile

Front 225

In the 1970s the Shah's foes rallied behind the cleric ___________.

Back 225

Ayatollah Khomeini

Front 226

Massive protests drove the Shah into exile, Khomeini returned and Iran became an ____.

Back 226

Islamic Republic

Front 227

After the Iranian Revolution Islamists seized the American embassy and held 52 Americans ____.

Back 227

hostage for more than a year