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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Franz Gall |
Developed phrenology, believed that if a portion of a person's mental trait was well-developed, the skull would bulge in a corresponding location |
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Pierre Flourens |
First person to study major sections of the brain using extirpation (ablation) where portions of the brain are surgically removed and the behavioral results are observed. Also discovered that removal one part of the brain affects the whole brain. |
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William James |
Father of American Psychology, he believed it was necessary to study how the brain functions in response to the environment. (Functionalism) |
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John Dewey |
Criticized the theory of the research arc, believed that psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functions to adapt to its enviroment |
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Paul Broca |
Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage. He connected lesions to specific brain impairment. |
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Herman Von Heimvoltz |
First person to measure the speed of a nerve impulse by way of reaction time. He successfully brought psychology into the realm of natural sciences |
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Charles Sherrington |
First inferrred the existence of synapses. He mistakenly believed that transmission was via electrical means, but we know now that transmission occurs via chemical means |
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Human Nervous System
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Web of 100 billion cells that communicate coordinate and regulate signals for the rest of the body
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Sensory Neurons
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Transmits sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
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Motor Neurons
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Transmits motor information from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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Found between other neurons. Most numerous of the three types of neurons. Located predominantly in the brain and spinal cord. Often linked to reflexisive behavior.
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Reflex Arc
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Neural circuit that allows multiple receptors to transmit corresponding information to allow two or more actions to occur simultaneously
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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First of the two primary components, comprised of the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Second of the two primary components, comprised of nerve tissue and fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord, connects the CNS to the rest of the body and can be divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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Somatic Nervous System
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Sensory and motor neurons distributed through skin, joints, muscles
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Sensory Neurons
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Transmit information through afferent fibers
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Motor Neurons
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Transmit information along efferent fibers
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Afferent Neurons
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Ascend towards the brain
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Efferent Neurons
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Exit the spinal cord to go to the rest of the body
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Regulates vital body functions such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glandular secretions, body temperature. Regulation of these functions are independent of conscious control.
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Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
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Fight or flight. Activated by stress.
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
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Conserves energy, manages digestion. In direct opposition to sympathetic Nervous System.
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Acetylchloride
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Responsible for parasympathetic responses
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Parasympathetic Responses
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Constricts pupils, stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, slows heartbeat, stimulates peristalis and secretion, stimulates bile release, contracts bladder
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Sympathetic Responses
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Dialates Pupils, decreases saliva production, relaxes bronchi, increases heart rate, decreases digestion, stimulates glucose production, inhibits bladder contraction, releases epinephrin, secretes adreneline
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Meninges
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Thick sheath of connective tissue that helps protect and anchor the brain; as well as absorb cerebral fluid |
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How many layers are there of meninges?
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Three. The dura mater, the arachnoid mater, the pia mater
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CF)
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Aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest, produced by specialized cells in the ventricles of the brain
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What are the layers of the skull from skin to brain?
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Skin, periosteum, bone, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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What are the three subdivisions of their brain and their related functions?
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Hindbrain, responsible for vital body function such as heart rate, balance, digestion, breathing, and blood pressure.
Midbrain, receives sensory information from the rest of the body, associated with involuntary reflex responses via colliculi
Forebrain, responsible for higher cognitive and behavorial functions |
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What are the portions of the forebrain?
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Medulla Oblongota, Pons, Cerebellum
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What are the portions of the midbrain?
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Superior Colliculus, Inferior Colliculus
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What does each colliculi receive?
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Inferior Colliculus receives auditory stimulus Superior Colliculus receives visual stimulus |
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What are the parts of the forebrain?
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Thalamus, Hippothalamus, Pineal gland, Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Posterior pituitary gland
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Define Neuropsychology
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The study of functions and behaviors of a specific section or sections of the brain
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What are different methods of neuropsychology?
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Extirption (creation of a lesion in the brain) Cortical mapping (stimulating particular neurons via electrical impulse yielding a specific response relative to the portion of the brain that was effected Electroenchephalogram (EEG) allows broad patterns of brain activity to be recorded and measured by placing electrodes on the scalp Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) detects neural activity based on increased blood flow to relevant portions of the brain. |
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What types of scans can be done using rCBF?
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PET scan, MRI, CT scans can be used to create images of the brain using rCBF
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