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269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cytoplasm
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Semi Fluid mixture of water, ion's, sugars and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA. All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus.
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Organelle
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A small part of the cell, usually enclosed by a membrane, that performs a specialized function.
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Cell Membrane
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Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cell's contents and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. Also called the plasma membrane.
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Nucleus
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In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA, and thus controls the cell's activities.
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Nucleoli
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Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis.
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Nuclear Envelope
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The double membrane boundary around the nucleus. It contains many pores to allow certain molecules to pass in and out
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Chromosome
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A rod-like group of genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Tightly-coiled DNA, proteins
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Chromatin
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A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. During mitosis and meiosis, it forms rods called chromosomes.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. Rough ER contains ribosomes and are a site of protein synthesis. Smooth ER have no ribosomes and are a site of lipid synthesis
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Ribosome
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The protein factory of the cell; they are located on the ER or in the cytoplasm (composed of RNA and protein)
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell; carry on cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
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Cristae
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The foldings of the inner membrane in the mitochondria. ATP formation happens here
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Lysosome
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A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
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Golgi Apparatus
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An organelle consisting of stacks of flattened sacs. It modifies and packages substances to be transported around and out of cells.
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Vacuole
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Organelle, common in plants, that stores food, water, waste products, etc.
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Phagocytic Vesicle
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Organelle which forms when the plasma membrane folds in as the cell engulfs larget extra-cellular particles during phagocytosis.
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Microtubules
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Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella, and provide cell shape.
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Centrioles
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Animal cell structures made of microtubules; they organize microtubule assembly of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of microtubules and other protein filaments that supports the cell structure and drives cell movement
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Cilia
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Short hairlike appendages specialized for motion. They enable some protista to move. They also move material along a cell or tissue.
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Function of Cell Wall
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Protection and support
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Function of Chloroplast
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Site of photosynthesis
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Function of Cilia and Flagella
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movement
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Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Transport system
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Function of Golgi Body
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Packages and secrete proteins
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Function of Lysosome
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Intracellular Digestion
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Function of Mitochondria
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Sites of cellular respiration
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Function of Nucleus
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Controls cell activities
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Function of Ribosomes
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Synthesis of protein
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Function of Vacuoles
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Storage
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Function of Cell Membrane
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Regulates transport of substances into/out of cell
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3 Basic Statements of The Cell Theory
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1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells and cell products are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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A cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. Monerans are comprised of this cell type
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Eukaryotic Cell
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A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; all kingdomw except monera contain this type of cell.
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Diffusion
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The movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of the substance.
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Osmosis
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The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Selectively Permeable
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Property of biological membranes that allows only selected substances to pass through.
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Active Transport
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The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient; requires an input of cellular energy usually in the form of ATP.
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Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
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Both are types of active transport; endocytosis is the uptake of materials by the cell (pinocytosis, phagocytosis); exocytosis is the release of materials from the cell into the environment when vesicles fuse with the membrane.
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Carbohydrate - list 5 examples and function in human body
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A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1:2:1 (glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose, glycogen) - human body's main energy source.
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Lipid - list 3 examples and function in human body
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Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Composed of 2 basic compounds - glycerol and fatty acides. (Fats, oils, waxes). Function: energy storage, cushioning, insulation.
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Protein - list 2 examples and function in human body
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An organic compound made of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acides (enzymes, gelatin, collagen, hemoglobin) Functions: structural components of cells, organic catalysts, antibodies, hormones.
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Nucleic Acid - list 2 examples and the function in human body
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Organic compound made of nucleotides. Ex.- DNA and RNA code instructions for protein synthesis.
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Three factors affecting enzyme function
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pH, Temperature, Relative amounts of substrate and enzyme
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Hydrolysis
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Catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules and consumes water.
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Dehydration Synthesis
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the process where smal molecules are bonded to make a larger molecule, and water is released. For example: two glucose (a monosaccharide) molecules are linked to form maltose (a disaccharide).
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Amino Acids
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The guilding blocks of protein (lysine, valine, arginine, alanine, glycine, serine)
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Polypeptide
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A chain of amino acides that makes up protein
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Saturated Fat
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The carbon chain of the fatty acid is joined by single bonds and has about twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually solid at room temperature (lard, butter)
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Unsaturated Fat
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The fatty acide chain contains some double covalent bonds and less than twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms; usually liquid at room temperature (oil)
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Which nitrogenous bases pair in DNA? In RNA?
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DNA: adenine & thymine; cytosine & guanine; RNA: adenine & uracil; cytosine & guanine
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Aerobic Respiration vs. Fermentation: Net ATP Production? Products of Reaction?
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AEROBIC: 36 ATP are produced; CO2 and H2O are released; ANAEROBIC: 2 ATP are produced; CO2 and alcohol are released in alcoholic fermentation; lactic acid released in lactic acid fermentation
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Three Phases of Cellular Respiration
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Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
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Glycolysis
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The breakdown of glucose; forms pyruvic acid and ATP; occurs in the cytoplasm.
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Fermentation
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Release of stored chemical energy without the use of oxygen. Takes place in yeast and some bacteria.
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Aerobic Respiration
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Release of stored chemical energy with the use of oxygen
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Krebs Cycle
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(Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) A circular series of enzyme reaction during cellular respiration that consumes pyruvic acid and releases energy and carbon dioxide. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
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Electronic Transport Chain
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A series of enzymes that pick up and transfer hydrogen to its final acceptor - oxygen, producing water. Leads to synthesis of ATP. The third step of cellular respiration.
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ATP
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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - A molecule that is the energy currency of cell metabolism in all living things. Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates.
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Photosynthesis Reaction - Reactants and Products
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Conversion of light energy into chemical energy; food-making process of autotrophs. Reactants: H2O, CO2; Products: glucose, oxygen, H2O
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General chemical equation that summarizes photosynthesis
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6H20 +6CO2 ->C6H12O6 +6O2 ; in the presence of light, chlorophyll and enzymes
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Light Reactions
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First stage of photosynthesis; light energy is absorbed, water is split to produce O2 gas and ATP and NADHP are produced.
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Calvin-Benson Cycle
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During photosynthesis, the series of enzyme reactions in which carbon dioxide is "fixed" (incorporated) into sugars (sometimes called "dark reactions")
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4 Factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis
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Light intensity; Temperature; CO2 Concentration; O2 Concentration
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Charles Darwin
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British naturalist who observed the diversity of life pon his five-year maritime journey in the 1850s on the Beagle where he formulated his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
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Natural Selection
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Evolutionary mechanism where the members of a population that are most suited (adapted) to their environment will most likely survive and reproduce.
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Adaptations
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Characteristics that increase the chance that an organism will survive and reproduce in a certain environment
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Homologies
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Structural similarities that indicate a common evolutionary ancestry; useful in classification. Ex: bird wing, whale flipper, human arm
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Major distinction between monera and the 4 other kingdoms
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Monerans are composed of prokaryotic cells. All other kingdoms are composed of eukaryotic cells.
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Seven levels of classification from the most general to the most specific
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Nine phyla of animals
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Porifera; Cnideria (Coelenterates); Platyhelminthes; Nematoda; Annelida; Mollusca; Arthropoda; Echinodermata; Chordata
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Four phyla of plant divisions
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Non-vascular plants (bryophytes, mosses, liverworts); Vascular seedless plants (Pterophyta, ferns); Vascular seed plants (gymnosperms, coniferophyta, conifers); Flowering plants (anthophyta, angiosperms)
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Protozoa - 4 characteristics and 4 examples
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animal-like, single-celled, may form colonies, free-moving except for sporozoans (ex. Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, malaria plasmodium)
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Fungi - 4 characteristics and 3 examples
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Plant-like, heterotrophic (no chlorophyll), form spores, cell wall composed of chitin (yeast, mold, mushroom)
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5 features of an amoeba
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Moves and feeds using pseudopods; Takes in food via phagocytosis; Food digested in food vacuole; Contractile vacuole eliminates water; Reproduces with binary fission
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5 features of a parmecium
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Locomotion via cilia; Ingests via oral groove; Eliminates waste via anal pore; 2 nuclei: Micronucleus and Macronucleus; Reproduces via conjugation.
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Bacteria - 5 characteristics and 3 basic shapes
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Smallest cells known; have a cell wall; form spores; no nuclear membrane; may have flagella (bacilli, cocci, spirilla)
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Blue-green Algae - 3 characteristics and 2 examples
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Cells usually larger than bacteria; Contain chlorophyll, Carry on photosynthesis (Nostoc, Gloeocapsa)
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Six major types of plant tissues and their functions
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Epidermal - protection; Parenchyma - storage; Collenchyma - support; Vascular - conducting; Meristematic - growth; Schlerenchyma - support.
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Four major layers of tissue in the leaf
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Upper and Lower Epidermis; Palisade layer of Mesophyll; Spongy layer of Mesophyll; Vascular bundles (veins)
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Xylem
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In vascular plants, the non-living transport tube that carries water and minerals upward from the roots and stem to the rest of the plant.
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Phloem
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In vascular plants, the living cells arranged into transport tubes that carry sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.
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Four major functions of the plant root
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Anchorage; Absorption; Transport; Storage.
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Two major functions of the plant leaf
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Photosynthesis; Transpiration
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Four major functions of the plant stem
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Support; Transport; Storage; Photosynthesis.
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Gametophyte
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A haploid plant that produces gametes by mitosis
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Sporophyte
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A diploid plant that produces spores by meiosis
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Pollination
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The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigmal can be by wind, water, animals.
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Ovule
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A structure in seed plants that develops in the ovary and contains the egg.
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Stigma
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In angiosperm flowers, the region of the carpel that is the receiving surface for the pollen
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Stamen
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The pollen-producing (male) organ of a flower; consists of an anther and a filament.
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Five major functions of bones
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Suuport of the body; Protection of the organs (brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs); Movement (placement of attachment for muscles); Storage of fat and minerals; Blood cell formation
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Cartilage
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A connective tissue found in vertebrate skeletons; in adult vertebrates, much of it is converted into bone.
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Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone
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Compact bone is dense and smooth looking; Spongy bone is composed of small flat pieces of bone and contains open spaces.
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Tendons vs. Ligaments
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They are both fibrous tissue. Tendons attach muscles to bones; Ligaments connect bones to bones.
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3 Types of joints and their locations
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Ball and socket joint (shoulder, hip); Hinge joint (knee, elbow); Immovable joint (skull).
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3 types of muscle tissue and their location in the body. Are they voluntary or involuntary?
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Striated/skeletal - attached to the bone, voluntary; Smooth - blood vessels and digestive organs, involuntary; Cardiac - heart, involuntary rhythmic contractions; striated.
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Six types of connective tissue and their location
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Bone (skeleton); Cartilage (nose, trachea, ear); Fibrous (tendon, ligament); Elastic (blood vessels); Fat (under skin, around organs); Blood (within blood vessels)
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Four chambers of the heart
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Right atrium; Left atrium; Right Ventricle; Left Ventricle.
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Compare Atrium and ventricle
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The two atria are located at the top of the heart and receive incoming blood from the body. The two ventricles are below the atria and pump blood out of the heart to the body.
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Compare artery and vein
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Artery - A thick-walled vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues; Vein - a vessel that carries blood from the tissues to the heart.
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Aorta
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The major artery of the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
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Vena Cavae
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The largest veins in the body; bring blood from all part of the body (except the lungs) to the right atrium
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Pulmonary Arteries
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Blood vessels leading from the right ventricle to the lungs. Contain deoxygenated blood.
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Pulmonary Veins
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Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
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Summarize the circulatory route in the body. Start with blood returning to the heart.
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Vena cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lung Capillaries -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta
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The three cellular components of blood
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Red blood cells (erythrocytes); White blood cells (leukocytes); Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Antigen
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A foreign substance (usually protein or polysaccharide) that induces an immune response and interacts with specific antibodies.
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Antibody
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A protein that is produced by lymphocytes in response to a foreign antigen; antibodies bind to antigens and cause agglutination.
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Which blood type is considered the unversal donor and why?
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A person with blood type O can donate blood to all other ABO blood types because the blood cells lack the surface antigens that trigger agglutination in the host.
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T Lymphocyte
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A type of white blood cell involved with cell-mediated immunity and interactions with B cells; produced in the thymus
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B Lymphocyte
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A type of white blood cell that is capable of making and secreting a specific type of antibody once it comes into contact with the corresponding antigen
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The principle organs of the immune system
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Lymph Nodes; Spleen; Thymus; Bone Marrow
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Summarize the route of air through the respiratory system
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Nostrils -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
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Pharynx
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The muscular tube that is the gateway to the trachea and digestive tract; the throat
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Epiglottis
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Elastic cartilage at the back of the throat; covers the opening to the respiratory tract during swallowing
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Trachea
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The windpipe that carries air between the larynx and bronchi
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Larynx
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The cartilaginous organ between the pharynx and trachea; the voice box
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Kidney
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Organ that filters blood to remove nitrogenous wastes; also regulates the water and solute balance in the blood
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Renal Artery
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Blood vessel which carries nitrogenous waste containing blood to the kidney
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Nephron
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The functional unit of the kidney; one of many tubules involved in filtration and selective reabsorption of blood.
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Glomerulus
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In the kidney; a dense network of capillaries enclosed by a Bowman's Capsule
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Bowman's Capsule
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In the kidney, a thin-walled cup which surrounds the glomerulus and is involved with forced filtration
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Loop of Henle
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A hairpin shaped section of the renal tubule in which salt and water are reabsorbed into the blood
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Urine - describe its path out of the body
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Consists of water and dissolved waste products from blood. Kidney -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra
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Seven components of the Alimentary Canal
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Mouth (oral cavity); Pharynx; Esophagus; Stomach; Small intesting; Large Intesting; Rectum
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List four enzymes present in intestinal juice and their functions
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Maltase (digest maltose); Lactase (digests milk sugar - lactose); Sucrase (digests cane sugar (sucrose); Lipase (digests fat)
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List four enzymes present in pancreatic juice and their functions
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Chymotrypsin (digests protein); Trypsin (digests protein); Amylase (digests starch); Pancreatic lipase (digests fat)
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What are the end products in the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?
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Protein (amino acids); Fat (fatty acids and glycerol); Carbohydrate (simple sugars, monosaccharides)
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Three types of nerve tissue and their location
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Sensory (connect brain & spinal cord with sensory organs); Motor (connects brain & spinal cord with muscles and glands); Associative (within brain and spinal cord)
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Cerebrum
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Largest part of the brain; occupies upper part of skull and is responsible for thought, memory, sensation, and voluntary movement
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Cerebellum
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The region of brain responsible for balance and coordination of muscles
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Medulla Oblongata
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The most posterior portion of the brain; controls involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and certain reflexes
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Ganglia
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A mass of cell bodies located on the sides of the backbone; part of the autonomic nervous system
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Central Nervous System
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The brain and spinal cord; most association occurs here
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Cochlea
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Snail-shaped chamber involved with hearing
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Tympanic Membrane
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Eardrum; sound waves beat against it which causes vibrations in the small bones of the ear
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Two types of sensory cells in the eye
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Rods (involved with black and white vision); Cones (involved with color vision)
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Retina
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The photosensitive layer of the eye; contains several layers of neurons, rods and cones
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Cornea
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The transparent outer layer of the eye
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Nine glands that produce hormones
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Adrenal; Islands of Langerhans (pancreas); Parathyroid; Pineal; Pituitary; Hypothalamus; Thymus; Thyroid; Gonads (ovaries and testes)
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Gastrin
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Stomach hormone that stimulates gastric glands to secrete gastric juices
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Secretin
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Small intesting hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice
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Thyroxin
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Hormone produced by the thyroid. Regulates the rate of cell metabolism
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Adrenalin
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Adrenal medulla homone that stimulates heartbeat, breating and blood pressure; also called epinephrine
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Cortisone
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Glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
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Growth Hormone
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Anterior pituitary hormone that promotes growth
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Prolactin
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Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates production of milk during and after pregnancy
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TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid bland to produce and release thyroxin
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Oxytocin
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Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions
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Testosterone
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Steroid hormone produced in the testes of the male; regulates male secondary sexual traits and sperm production
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Estrogen
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Steroid hormone produced in the ovaries of the female; regulates secondary female sexual traits and the menstrual cycle.
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Posterior pituitary hormone that regulates the rate of water absorption in the kidneys and intestines (also called vasopressin)
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Binary Fission
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The nuclreus of a full grown cell divides in two and the cell splits into two equal-sized daughter cells (amoeba, bacteria)
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Budding
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Fully grown cell or organism formsa small cell or outgrowth (bud) which splits from the parent and develops into a separate organism (yeast, hydra)
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Spore Formation
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Tiny cells (spores) form in spore cases. They are scattered around when the case bursts. Each spore becomes a new organism. (bread mold)
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Fertilization
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The method of reportuction in animals and plants. The two uniting gametes are different in size, shape and activity
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Gamete
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A sex cell; it joins with another gamete to form a single cell; called a zygote. (sperm, egg)
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Blastula
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The stage where the embryo has the appearance of a hollow ball of cells one layer thick.
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Gastrula
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The stage where the blastula grows inward to form a cup-like shape with two and then three layers of cells. (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
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Ectoderm
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the outer primary germ layer of the gastrula; it develops into the skin and nervous system
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Endoderm
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the inner, primarly germ layer of an animal embryo which develops into internal organs such as the lining of the digestive tract.
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Mesoderm
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The middle primary germ layer in an animal embryo; it develops into muscles, bone, blood, etc
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Vivparous
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Animals that give birth to live young; the embryo is developed and nourished internally (humans, horses, cat, some sharks)
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Ovoviviparous
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Animals that retain the fertilized eggs in their body until they hatch (guppies, reptiles, mosquito, fish)
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Oviparous
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Animals that lay eggs that develop outside the mother's body (fish, birds, reptiles, monotremes)
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Ovulation
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The release of a mature egg (ovum) from its follicle
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Fallopian Tube
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One of the two tubes in human female through which a mature egg (ovum) passes after being released from the ovary; fertilization occurs here
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Placenta
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The organ through which nourishment and waste products are exchanged between the mother and embryo
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Umbilical Cord
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Structure that connects the placenta to the fetus; contains blood vessels
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Amniotic Fluid
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Surrounds the fetus; provides a cushioning environment for protection; enclosed by the amniotic membrane (amnion)
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Four stages of the menstrual cycle
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Foillicle stage; Ovulation; Luteal stage; Menstruation
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The four stages of the cell cycle
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G1 (growth and metabolism; S (DNA synthesis); G2 (Growth and metabolism); M (mitosis)
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The three stages of interphase
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G1; S; G2
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The major difference between cells in the G1 vs. G2.
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Cells in the G2 stage have twice as much DNA as those in G1
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The four phases of mitosis
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Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase
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Mitosis
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Nuclear division usually followed by cytoplasmic division which forms two genetically identical daughter cells
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Chromosomes that occur in paris; they are the same length and have alleles for the same traits at corresponding locations
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Meiosis
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Cell division which produces haploid gametes from diploid cells. Usually four gametes are formed from one diploid cell
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Haploid
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A cell that contains only 1 chromosome from each homologous pair (gamete)
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Diploid
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A cell that contains a pair of each homologous chromosome; one set is inherited from each parent. (body cell, fertilized egg)
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Primary Sex Cells
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Cells contained in the gonads that will eventually become gametes
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Polar Body
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Small non-functioning cell produced as a result of oogenesis (egg formation)
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Summarize the work of Gregor Mendel
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A 19th C monk who studied heredity in garden pea plants; published first genetic studies; known as "father of genetics"
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Mendel's Law of Dominance
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When organisms that are pure breeds for contrasting traits are crossed, the trait expressed by the offspring is the dominant trait
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Mendel's Law of Segregation
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During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (with the alleles they carry) separate and go to different gamete cells
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Allele
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One of two or more different forms of a gene
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Homozygous
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Having 2 identical alleles for a trait (BB or bb)
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Heterozygous
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Having 2 different alleles for a trait (Bb or Tt)
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Phenotype
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The expression of a genotype; can be an appearance or function of an organism (tall, blue eyes, type B blood)
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Genotype
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The genetic make-up of an organism; the actual genes an organism has for a trait (a cat with brown-eyed phenotype may have a heterozygous genotype (one allele for brown, one allele for blue))
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Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
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The inheritance of alleles on one homologous chromosome pair has no effect on the inheritance of alleles on a different homologous chromosome pair
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Summarize the work of Thomas Hunt Morgan
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Received the Nobel prize for research on a fruit fly (drosophila melanogaster); he located certain genes on the chromosomes (drew maps); discovered x-linked genes
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Linkage
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Genes which are inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome; they do not independently assort
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Crossing Over
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Durring meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange genes; results in genetic recombination
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Name some dominant human traits
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Dark Hair; Curly hair; Normal Pigmentation; Rh Positive Blood; Normal Color vision
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Name some recessive human traits
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Light hair; Straight hair; Albinism; Rh Negative Blood; Color Blind Vision
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Sex-linked traits (X-linked traits)
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Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes (color blindness; hemophilia)
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Characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome
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Male with XXY genotype; Tall stature; sexually underdeveloped; may have learning disabilities
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Characteristics of Turner's Syndrome
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Female with XO genotype, missing second X; Short webbed neck; underdeveloped sexually; sterile; poor spatial relation skills
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Watson-Crick DNA Model
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Double helix; 2 chains of nucleotides running in opposite directions; Chains are connected by bonds between sugars and phosphates; Between chains, nitrogen bases are connected by weak hydrogen bonds
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Three types of RNA
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Messenger RNA; Transfer RNA; Ribosomal RNA
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Hardy-Weinberg Equations
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p + q =1; p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; p=frequency of dominant allele; q=frequency of recessive allele.
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Metric Abbreviations: Mega
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Kilo
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"Energy
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The ability to do work; it is released or absorbed during chemical reactions in the form of heat"
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"Physical properties
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Properties which can be observed without changing the substance into something different. Color"
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"Physical change
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Substance changes form or state only. Boiling"
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"Element. List some examples
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A substance is composed of identical atoms. Gold"
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"Mixture. List some examples.
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A combination of substances held together by physical means (dirt"
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"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures. Provide examples.
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Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition (air"
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"The Law of Conservation of Mass
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Durring a chemical reaction"
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Atomic Number: What are the atomic numbers of helium
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hydrogen
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"Isotope
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Atoms which contain the same numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons (ex. Hydrogen has 3 isotopes with mass numbers of 1"
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"Empirical Formula. What are the molecular and empirical formulas of peroxide?
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An expression which gives the relative numbers of atoms of the elements in a molecule. Expressed as the lowest possible set of integers (H2O2"
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mx1
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mx2
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%x1
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%x2
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"Mole
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""6.02x10^23 items"
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For any substance
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"write a general formula to convert from Moles to Grams
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For any substance
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"write a general formula to convert from Grams to Moles
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For any substance
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"write a general formula to convert from Moles to Number of Particles
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For any substance
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"write a general formula to convert from Number of Particles to Moles
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"Diatomic; list 7 diatomic elements found in nature
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A molecule composed of two atoms. H2"
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"Period
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A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. All have the same number of shells of e-. Across the period"
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"Metalloid. List 5 examples.
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An element with the properties of both metals and non-metals. Ex. Si"
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"Transition element
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A metal having two incomplete shells of electrons; many have multiple oxidation states; less active than family IA & IIA. Ex."
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Compare the ionic radii of 1) Cl
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S
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Which sublevels are present in energy levels 1
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2
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2: s
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p
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3: s
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p
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4-7: s
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p
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"What is the order for filling sublevels (aufbau process) from lowest to highest energy
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1s"
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"Write the electron configuration for 1) Lithium; 2) Iron
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""1) 1s2"
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2) 1s2
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2s2
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"What are the valences of the elements of families IA through VIIIA?
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The valences of elements in groups IA - VIIIA are the element's column number. For example"
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"Polar covalent bond
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When the EN difference is between 0.5 and 1.7"
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"Hydrogen bonding
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Formed when hydrogen is bonded to oxygen"
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"Double and Triple covalent bond
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In a double bond"
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"Hybrid orbitals (list three types)
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Where 2 or more pure atomic orbitals are mixed to form identical hybrid orbitals (ex. Sp"
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Describe hybrid bonding in water
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ammonia
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List in the order of increasing enthalpy: solid
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gas
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In a thermochemical equation
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"what happens to ?H when the moles of reactants double?
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"Write an equation to calculate energy change when a fixed mass of substance changes temperature
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?H = mCp?T"
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"Boyles Law
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P1V1 = P2V2 (Temperature and amount of gas are constant"
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"Combined Gas Law
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 (amount of gas is contant. P=pressure"
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"Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
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In a gas mixture"
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"Ideal Gas Law
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PV = nRT"
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"Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Gas Volumes
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When only gases are involved in a reaction"
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"Phase equilibrium
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For a liquid in a closed container"
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"Triple Point
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The only temperature and pressure combination at which the 3 phases of a substance (solid"
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"Solvent (provide example
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A substance"
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"Solution (provide example)
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A liquid"
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"What is a general rule for solubilities of polar and nonpolar compounds?
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""Like dissolves like""; Ionic and polar solvents dissolve ionic"
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"Write the equilibrium expression for aA + bB ? cC + dD
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Keq = [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b"
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"Le Chatelier's Principle
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If stress is placed on a system at equilibrium"
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"How does a concentration change affect equilibrium?
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If one of the substances is added or removed"
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"How does a change in temperature affect equilibrium
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The reaction shifts to a new equilibrium point with a new Keq. If the temperature is raised"
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"How does a pressure change affect equilibrium?
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Only in reactions where gases are involved. The reaction will shift to oppose pressure change"
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"How can ?G be used to predict if a reaction is spontaneous?
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When ?G is positive it is not spontaneous; negative"
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pH. For what values is a solution acidic
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"basic and neutral?
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pOH. For what values is a solution acidic
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basic
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"Conjugate Base - Write conjugate base of HCl
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When a Bronsted acid donates a proton"
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"Electrolyte (give 3 examples)
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A solute whose aqueous solution contains ions and conducts electricity (acids"
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"Nonelectrolyte (give 2 examples)
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A solute whose aqueous solution does not conduct electricity (sugar"
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"Half Reaction
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One of the two parts"
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"How can you determine if a redox reaction will take place spontaneously
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Add the electrode potentials of the two half reactions. If the result is positive"
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"Faraday
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A unit of electric charge which deposits by electrolysis one equivalent weight of an element. Equals 96"
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Bonds commonly to O
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H
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Saturated and Unsaturated. Which are sturated? Alkanes
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alkenes
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"Addition reaction
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In an unsaturated hydrocarbon"
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