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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Population
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-entire group under study as defined by research objectives
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Sample
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-subset of the population that should represent the entire group
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Sample Unit
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-basic level of investigation
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Census
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-accounting of the complete population
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Sampling Error
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-any error in a survey that occurs because a sample is used
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Sample Frame
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-master list of the entire population
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Sample Frame Error
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-degree to which the same frame fails to account for all of the population
-ex. telephone book does not contain ALL numbers |
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Reasons for Taking Sample
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-practical considerations such as cost and population size
-inability of researcher to analyze huge amounts of data -sample can produce precise results |
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Probability Samples
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-members of the population have a known chance of being selected in the sample
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Non-probability Samples
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-the chances of selecting members for the population into the sample are unknown
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Simple Random Sampling
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-probability of being selected into the sample is known and equal for whole population
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Advantage of Random Sampling
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-known and equal chance of selection makes it a probability sample
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Disadvantage of Random Sampling
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-complete accounting of population needed
-cumbersome to provide unique designations to every member |
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Systematic Sampling
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-way to select a random sample from a directory or list that is more efficient than random sampling-easier to do when you do not have data in electronic format
-skip interval |
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Advantages of Systematic Sampling
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-approximate known and equal chance of selection
-efficiency (do not need whole pop.) -less $ |
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Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling
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-small loss in sampling precision
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Cluster Sampling
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-method in which the population is divided into group, any of which can be considered a representative sample
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Advantages of Cluster Sampling
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-economic efficiency
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Disadvantages of Cluster Sampling
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-cluster specification error
-the more homogeneous the clusters, the more precise the sample results |
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Stratified Sampling
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-method in which the population is separated into different strata and sample is take from each (freshman, sophomore..)
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Advantages of Stratified Sampling
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-more accurate overall sample of skewed populations
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Disadvantage of Stratified Sampling
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-more complex sampling plan requiring different sample size for each stratum
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Non-probability Sampling
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-selection is not based to fairness, equity or equal chance
1. convenience sampling 2. judgment sampling (guess of who should represent population) 3. referral sampling (snowball effect) 4. quota sampling (specific quota for certain types of people) |