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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Marine Biology can best be described as:
A) The study of life B) The study of the marine environment C) The study of marine animals D) All of the above |
D) All of the above
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The first marine lab established in the world in Naples, Italy in 1872 was the?
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Stazione Zoologica.
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The first marine lab established in the US at Woods Hole, Massachusetts was the?
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Marine Biological Laboratory.
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The scientific Method consists of?
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Observations, Inductive and Deductive Reasoning, Experiment, control in and experiment, hypothesis, and conclusion.
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The innermost layer of the earth is called the?
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Core
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The core of the earth is composed mostly of?
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Iron
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The pressure in the core is more than a million times that at the?
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Earth’s Surface
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The layer outside the earths core is called the?
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Mantle
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Though most of the mantle is thought to be solid, it is very?
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Hot, near the melting point of rocks
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Because the mantle is so hot is flows almost like a?
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Liquid, swirling and mixing over hundreds of millions of years.
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The outermost layer of the earth is called the?
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Crust
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Compared with deep layers of the earth, the crust is extremely?
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Thin like a rigid skin floating on top of the mantle.
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The composition and characteristics of the crust differ greatly between the oceans and the?
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Continents
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A continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe like the seams on a baseball is called?
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The Mid Ocean Ridge
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What is the difference between Continental crust and Oceanic Crust?
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Oceanic Crust is much younger and more dense than Continental Crust.
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Continental Crust is composed of granite and Oceanic crust is compose of?
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A mineral called basalt
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A continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains that encircles the globe like the seams on a baseball is called?
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The Mid Ocean Ridge
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What is the largest geological feature on Earth?
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The Mid Ocean Ridge
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At regular intervals the Mid Ocean Ridge is displaced to one side or the other by cracks, or faults, in the earths crust known as?
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Transform Faults
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Deep depressions in the sea floor are called?
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Trenches
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What is formed when two plates collide and one plate dips below the other and sinks back down into the mantle?
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Trench
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Magnetic anomalies are bands of rock that run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge system. What do they provide evidence for?
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Volcanoes form at ocean ridges.
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The sea floor was not formed all at once, but in strips that parallel the mid-ocean ridge called?
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Magnetic anomalies
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The abyssal plain is dotted with volcanic islands and submarine volcanoes called?
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Seamounts
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Distinctive flat-topped seamounts are called ____ are common in parts of the Pacific.
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Guyots
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The downward movement of one lithospheric plate into the mantle is called?
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Subduction and trenches are also called subduction zones
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The continental margins are the boundaries between continental crust and oceanic crust. Starting from the top and continuing to the bottom the margin consists of?
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Continental Shelf (ends at the shelf break), Continental Slope, Continental Rise, and ends at the Abyssal Plain.
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The four major Ocean Basins from largest to smallest are?
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Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.
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The relative size and depth of the Pacific Ocean is?
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64.2mi2 with an average depth of 13,741 feet
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The relative size and depth of the Atlantic Ocean is?
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33.4mi2 with an average depth of 12,258 feet
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The relative size and depth of the Indian Ocean is?
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28.3mi2 with an average depth of 12,704 feet
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The relative size and depth of the Arctic Ocean is?
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3.7mi2 with and average depth of 4,364 feet
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The shallowest part of the continental margin that is the richest part of the ocean with the most life and the best fishing is the?
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Continental Shelf.
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The closest thing to the exact edge of the continent is the?
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Continental Slope
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Sediment moves down a submarine canyon and accumulates in what portion of the continental margin?
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Continental Rise
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Trenches are zones of intense geological activity, including earthquakes and volcanoes, so this type of continental margin is called a?
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Active Margin (little to no shelf, steep slope, and trench with no rise)
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What type of continental margin has a flat coastal plain, wide shelves, and relatively gradual continental slopes?
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Passive Margin (Wide shelves, gentle slopes, and well-developed rise)
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Salinity units of measure are in part per?
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Thousand
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Factors that affect the salinity of water in the ocean are?
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Evaporation, Freezing, Precipitation, and Runoff.
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The temperature and salinity of seawater determine its density. Water gets ____ as it gets saltier, colder, or both.
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Denser
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Because the earth is round and roating, anything that moves over its surface tends to turn a little rather than moving in a straight line. This effect is called the?
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Coriolis effect
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In the northern hemisphere the Coriolis effect always deflects things to the right or left?
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Right
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In the southern hemisphere the Coriolis effect always deflects things to the right or left?
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Left
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Due to the Coriolis Effect, when wind pushes the upper most layer of water instead of it moving in the same the water moves off at an angle of?
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45 degrees this is know as the Ekmnan spiral
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Though each microlayer moves in a different direction, taken as a whole the Ekman layer moves at a 90 degrees from the wind direction. This process is called?
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Ekman Transport.
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Water molecules are made up of one oxygen atom and two small ____ atoms.
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Hydrogen
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Water naturally occurs in what three states or phases?
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Solid, Liquid and Gases.
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As water cools the molecules move slower and pack closer together making the water more or less dense?
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More dense
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When water freezes the molecules move so slowly the the hydrogen bonds take over, locking the molecules into a crystal that are farther apart. The water is now more or less dense?
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Less dense, this is why ice floats.
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The highest part of a wave is called the ____ and the lowest part is called the ____.
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Crest, Trough
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The vertical distance between the trough and the crest is called the?
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Wave height
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The distance between one wave crest and the next wave crest is called the?
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Wavelength
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The time a wave takes to go by a given point is called the?
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Period of the wave
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The span of open water over which the wind blows is called the?
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Fetch
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The size if the wave generated by the wind depends on the size of the?
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Fetch
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Once away from the wind waves settle into?
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Swells
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What occurs when the crest of one wave meets the trough of another?
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Wave cancellation
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What occurs when the crest of one wave meets the crest of another?
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Wave reinforcement
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The major wind fields of the atmosphere push the sea surface creating?
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Surface Currents
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Under the influence of the Coriolis effect, the wind-driven surface currents combine into huge, more or less systems called?
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Gyres
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What is a dominant influence on near-shore sea life?
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Tides
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Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the ___ and the ___.
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Moon and Sun
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What occurs at full and new moons when the sun and moon are in line with each other?
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Tidal Range (large difference between high and low tides)
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A tidal Range is called?
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Spring Tides, because they surge up like spring water
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When the sun and moon are at right angles their effects partially cancel each other. This is called?
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Neap Tides (Tidal range is small)
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Two high tides and two low tides a day are called?
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Semidiurnal Tides
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Successive high tides of different heights are called?
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Mixed Semidiurnal Tides
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An uncommon tide is when there is only one high and one low tide every day. This is called?
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Diurnal Tide
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In clear ocean water ____ light penetrates the deepest and ____ light the least.
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Blue, Red
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List the colors of light the penetrates from deepest to the least.
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Blue, Green, Yellow, Violet, Orange, and Red
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Water pressure increases __ atmosphere with each __m increase in depth.
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1 atmosphere, with every 10m of depth
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