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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the first marine biology lab in US |
Wood's Hole, MA |
|
which of the following was not a contribution of darwin's |
Recognizing that gills were the breathing apparatus of fish |
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a control can be best defined as |
a variable that is kept constant in an experiment |
|
glucose is an example of a |
carbohydrate |
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organisms that make their own food are known as |
autotrophs |
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what is missing from the following equation for photosynthesis? co2+h2o+_____--> Glucose+o2 |
sunlight |
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one of the by-products of photosynthesis is |
carbon dioxide |
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the most important nutrients for plant growth in the ocean are |
nitrogen and phosphorus |
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which of the following is not apart of all cells? |
nucleus |
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aerobic respiration takes place in this organelle |
mitochondria |
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these are long protein filaments that aid in cellular locomotion |
flagella |
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a clam living in the sediment at the bottom of the ocean would be considered |
benthic |
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a group of mussels of a particular type living together on a rock back is an example of |
population |
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organisms whose body temperature changes with changes in external temperature are known as |
poikilotherms |
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which of the following is not part of the theory of natural selection |
the best adapted individuals produce less offsprings |
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moths changing color based on the floor of the tree in which they live is an example of |
directional selection |
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the fossil record is incomplete because |
very few organisms were preserved as fossils organisms tend to decay before becoming fossil animal with hard parts are preserved more easily |
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which of the following evolve? |
populations |
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4 characteristics of all living organisms |
cells reproduce metabolize react to the external environment |
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along with water all living things are made up of four types of biological molecules |
carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acid |
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outer barrier of the cell allowing only certain things into and out of |
cell membrane |
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membrane-bound organelle where biological molecules are modified, stored and packaged |
golgi bodies |
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where photosynthesis takes place |
chloroplast |
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gelatinous contents of the cell |
cilia |
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all marine animals have gills so whales have gills |
deduction |
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A control can be best defined as |
A variable that is kept constant in an experiment |
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A marine biologist observes that mako sharks, sardines, and salmon leap out of the water. An example of induction from these observations is |
All fishes leap out of the water |
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An experiment can be best described as |
An artificially created situation to test a hypothesis |
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Charles Darwin, who proposed the theory of evolution, was actually a marine biologist who specialized in |
Barnacles |
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How much of the Earth's oxygen is generated by marine organism |
50% |
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Jacques Cousteau is best known for helping to perfect which marine technology? |
Scuba |
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One of the following is outside the realm of science |
Observations made using extrasensory perception (ESP) |
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Science is limited since it cannot |
Make judgments about ethics, values, and morality |
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Scientific knowledge is ultimately traced to |
Observations |
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The Challenger expedition made collections of marine organisms |
Around the world |
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The factors that might affect observations are called |
Variables |
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The first marine laboratory in the world was established in |
italy |
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Which of the following statements about Charles Darwin is not true? |
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection |
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An example of an island arch along a trench |
Aleutian Islands |
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Black smokers form as a result of the accumulation of |
black smokers |
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Density is |
The mass of a substance per unit volume |
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How much of the Earth's surface is covered by the world ocean? |
71% |
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Lithogenous sediments are those that come from |
Erosion of land |
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Oceanographers often use the name "Southern Ocean" to refer to the body of water |
Around Antarctica |
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Sea level naturally fluctuates through geologic time. What is occurring now with regards to sea level? |
sea level is rising |
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The earth's magnetic field is thought to be caused by movements of liquid metal in which of the earth's layers? |
Outer core |
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The east coast of the United States is a passive margin characterized by |
Gentle continental slope |
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The most biologically rich part of the ocean is the |
Continental shelf |
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The process by which a lithospheric plate descends into the mantle is called |
subduction |
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The solid layer of the earth found below the crust is called the |
mantle |
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The steepest part of the continental margin is known as the |
Continental slope |
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The type of plate boundary where plates move past each other is called |
Shear boundary |
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The world's smallest and shallowest ocean |
arctic ocean |
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There is evidence that the earth and the rest of the solar system formed about |
4.5 billion |
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Which of the following is not true of mid-ocean ridges? |
The sediments get thinner as one moves away from them |
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Which of the following is not true of oceanic crust? |
It consists mostly of granite |
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A cold current flows almost into the Equator along the |
Pacific coast of South America |
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the super continent that existed 190 million years ago |
pangea |
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sea floor spreading overs at these geological features |
mid ocean ridges |
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the bond that form between molecules of water are called |
hydrogen bonds |
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the salinity of water is expressed |
parts per thousand |
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average salinity of the ocean is |
%35 |
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shells of microorganism that sink to the bottom of the ocean are considered this type of sediment |
biogenous |
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pressure increases with depth by adding one atmosphere of pressure for every |
10 meters of depth |
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which gas dissolves best in water |
carbon dioxide |
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coriolis effect is the direct result of |
the rotation of the earth |
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a species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem and whose removal may cassette collapse of the ecosystem |
keystone species |
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primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900's? |
thick luxurious fur |
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which of the following is most common interaction between species |
competition |
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a fundamental role of decomposers |
releasing nutrients needed by autotrophs |
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Food from the sea represents about _____ of all food eaten by humans. |
1% |
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The highest catches of finfish are |
Herring, sardines, and related fishes. |
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If one looks at the world commercial catches of seafood, the total amounts |
Peaked in 1990 and since then have declined. |
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Which of these fisheries of the Grand and Georges Banks off eastern Canada and the northeastern United States once provided one of the richest fisheries in the world but now are nearly gone and was thus closed in 1992? |
COD |
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The sustainable yield for a fishery is |
The amount that can be caught and maintain a stable population. |
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The maximum sustainable yield of a harvested fish population depends on all of these except |
Whether the fish is demersal or pelagic |
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Even if fishing is stopped on an overexploited species, it may not recover its population levels because of all of these factors but which one? |
The reproductive population has been reduced too far. |
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When underutilized species of marine animals caught as a result of valuable species of animals being caught and usually discarded this is called: |
by-catch |
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Open mariculture is used to grow mainly which of these |
Oysters and seaweeds |
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Recreational fisheries can damage fish stocks because they |
Target and deplete large predatory fishes |
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While desalination currently is being used in a few countries such as Saudi Arabia and is expanding elsewhere, the main factor that prevents it from being used to produce drinking water in arid parts of the U.S.A. is: |
It is expensive |
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Off-shore oil and gas production may soon be expanded to the |
the arctic ocean |
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Feminization of male fish has been linked to chemicals in sewage. The chemicals are from the urine of women on birth control pills |
true |
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Most of the polluting oil in North America comes from tanker and pipeline spills |
false |
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Because of biological magnification, which of these animals would accumulate the most pesticides per body weight? |
Bald eagle |
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Not all threatened or rare marine species have been over-exploited for food, hides or oil. For what other purpose have many such as corals, mollusks, or turtles been taken and killed? |
Decorations and souvenirs |
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Marine thermal pollution is detrimental to local areas of water because |
It decreases the ability of water to hold dissolved oxygen |
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A major cause of the spread of exotic or alien species is |
The dumping of ship ballast water |
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All of the following threaten or destroy coral reefs except for which activity? |
Reducing the amount of fertilizers used in farms and gardens |
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The term endangered species is defined as: |
A species in immediate danger of extinction |
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Earth’s temperatures are stable because we are surrounded by ________ which allows the right amount of sunlight in to warm the Earth |
an atmosphere |
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This layer keeps us “not too hot in the summer” and “not too cold in the winter.” Scientists call this the ________ effect |
green house effect |
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Certain gases in the atmosphere – water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – help maintain the Earth’s temperatures and climate. These are called: __________ |
green house gases |
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The correlation between CO2 levels in the atmosphere and mean global temperature shows that increased CO2 levels cause a rise in mean global temperature. |
false |
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The variations in solar irradiance on Earth associated with small periodic changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun are called |
Milankovich Cycles |
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Evidence for global warming is provided by which of the following |
The ice cover in the Arctic has decreased significantly in the last 30 years.Large amounts of coral worldwide are dying |
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Considering climate change, melting of ice sheets and glaciers causes the` |
endangering of species |
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Considering climate change, increased global temperatures causes the |
desertification |
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Considering climate change, rise in water level in oceans and seas due to melted ice sheets and glaciers causes |
destruction of human civilization |
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The most abundant greenhouse gas is |
water vapor |
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Which is not a major greenhouse gas |
water vapor |
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hich of the following gases are mainly responsible for the atmospheric greenhouse effect |
water vapor and carbon dioxide |
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Which of the following processes acts to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? |
photosynthesis |
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Seawater and carbon dioxide combine in the ocean to form what compound? |
carbonic acid |
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Which organisms in the ocean are the first to be affected by ocean acidification? |
shelled animals |
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Increased carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the availability of this compound used for shell building |
carbonate |
|
Eutrophication is |
increased growth of plants in water due to high load of nutrients |
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A limiting nutrient, what does that mean? |
if more nutrients are add eutrophication increases |
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Algin is a natural product extracted from seaweeds. It is used as |
emulsifier in processed foods |
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Coralline red algae receive this name due to their ability to |
accumulate calcium carbonate |
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Encrusting algae are commonly found living |
on rocks |
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Green algae are characterized by: |
having pigments similar to land plants |
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Mangroves live in coastal waters that |
are well protected from strong wave action |
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Marine flowering plants can be best differentiated from seaweeds by the fact that the marine flowering plants |
reproduced by seeds |
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Marine flowering plants include all of the following except |
kelps |
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one of these groups of algae is found mostly in fresh water and on land, that is, only a small number is actually marine |
green algae |
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Reproduction in seaweeds can be very complex |
asexual and sexual |
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Salt-tolerant plants such as salt-marsh plants are called: |
halophytes |
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Seaweeds and many bacteria are primary producers. In contrast to most of the bacteria that are primary producers, however, all seaweeds |
are photosynthetic |
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Seaweeds are included among the Protista. Some biologists, however, place them instead in the |
kingdom plantae |
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Seaweeds can be best differentiated from true plants because seaweeds |
have no true roots, stems, leaves |
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The most complex and largest of all the seaweeds is included among one of these groups: |
brown algae |
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The root-like, anchoring structure of many seaweeds is called the |
holdfast |
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The thallus of a seaweed refers to its |
complete body |