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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Environmental Forces (PEST)
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1. Political-Legal
2. Economic 3. Sociocultural 4. Technological -demographic, international |
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Internal Stakeholders
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employees, owners, board of directors
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Task Environment
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customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, allies, unions, lenders, governments, interest groups, media
present you with daily tasks to handle |
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General Environment
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MACROENVIRONMENT environmental forces (PEST)
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ethics
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standards of right and wrong that influence behavior.
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values
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the relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person's behavior
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Four approaches to deciding ethical dilemmas
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utilitarian, individual, moral-rights, justice
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Utilitarian approach
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guided by what will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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Individual approach
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guided by what will result in the individual's best long-term interests, which ultimately are in everyone's self-interest
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Moral-rights approach
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guided by respect for the fundamental rights of human beings
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Justice approach
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is guided by respects for impartial standards of fairness and equity
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Strategies for International Growth
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1. Global Outsourcing
2. Importing, Exporting, & Countertrading 3. Licensing & Franchising 4. Joint Ventures 5. Wholly Owned Subsidaries |
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Global Outsourcing
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using suppliers outside the company (and outside of the US) to provide labor, goods and services
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Importing
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a company buys goods outside the country and resells them domestically
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exporting
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a company produces goods domestically and sells them outside of the country
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counter-trading
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bartering goods for goods
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licensing
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a company allows a foreign company to pay it a fee and a share of the profit in return for using the first company's product or service
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Franchising
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a form of licensing in which a company allows a foreign company to pay it a fee and a share of the profit in return for using the first company's brand name and a package of materials and services
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Joint ventures, also known as 'strategic alliance'
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with a foreign country to share the risks and rewards of starting a new enterprise together in a foreign country
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Wholly owned Subsidaries
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a foreign subsidiary that is totally owned and controlled by an organization
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free trade
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the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic obstruction
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trade protectionism
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use of government regulations to limit the import of goods and services
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tariff
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a trade barrier in the form of a customs duty, or tax, levied mainly of imports
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Import quotas
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a trade barrier in the form of a limit on the numbers of a product that can be imported
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embargo
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complete ban on the import or export of certain products
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trading blocs a.k.a. economic community
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a group of nations within a geographical region that have agreed to remove trade barriers with one another
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
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a trading bloc consisting of the US, Canada, and Mexico
-eliminates 99% of the tariffs and quotas among these countries, allowing for freer flow of goods, services, and capital in North America |
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WTO (World Trade Organization)
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Agreements based on the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) which was signed in 1947 by 23 nations to reduce worldwide tariffs and other barriers.
Designed to monitor and enforce trade agreements |
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low-context culture
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Shared meanings are primarily derived from written and spoken workds
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high-context culture
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people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others
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GLOBE Project
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is a massive and ongoing cross-cultural investigation of nine cultural dimensions involved in leadership and organizational purposes
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power distance
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how much unequal distribution of power should there be in organizations and society
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uncertain avoidance
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how much should people rely on social norms and rules to avoid uncertainty
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institutional collectivism
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how much should leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit
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in-group-collectivism
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how much pride and loyalty should people have for their family or organization
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gender egalitarianism
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how much should society maximize gender role differences
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assertiveness
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how confrontational and dominant should individuals be in social groups
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future orientation
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how much should people delay gratification by planning and saving for the future
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performance orientation
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how much should individuals be rewarded for improvement and excellence
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humane orientation
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how much should society encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly, and generous
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