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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Perissodactyla vs. Artiodactyla
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P-Mesaxonic, pulley top
A-Paraxonic, double pulley, cannon bone |
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Tapiridae (4)
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Perissodactyla
Primitive Reduced nasal bones Long proboscis (nose, upper lip) |
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Rhinocerotidae (2 types). Horns. Skull characterstics
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Perissodactyla
Black & Asian - pointed, prehensile upper lip for browsing White - square tip for grazing (crop grass) Horns - mass of fused hairs, attached to skin Skull - thick, support horn & muscles |
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Equiidae (3)
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Most cursorial Perisso - 3rd digit functional, calcaneum posterior.
Grazer Polygynous |
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Equid Evolution
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Grew larger, used to be browsers now all grazers. Due to Miocene grasslands. Once had Chalicotheriids (huge, clawed)
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Certartiodactyla. 3 characterstics
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double pulley on astragulus
paraxonic horns with bony core |
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Perissodactyla. 4 characterstics
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mesaxonic
upper pulley large hindgut (big caecum, commensal bacteria). Not in Neartic |
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Perissodactlya families (3)
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Equiidae, Tapiridae, Rhinocerotidae
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Certartiodactyla families (9) and suborder (1)
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Suidae, Tayassuidae, Camelidae, Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, Bovidae, S.O.Cetancodonta
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Cannon bone characteristics (3)
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reduced calcaneum, fusion of metapodials, aids cursoriality
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Suidae (5) teeth, diet, bone?
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Pigs
Bunodont Tusk canines, evergrowing No cannon bone Omnivorous Unspec. digesting |
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Tayassuidae (4)
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Peccaries, javelinas
smaller than Suids better runners than Suids Omnivorous Canines stabilize jaw |
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Camelidae (4) limbs, bone, foot, teeth, diet
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long neck & limbs
has cannon bone didactyl nails caniform upper I's grazers |
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Didactyl
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In Camelidae. splayed foot that supports weight on sand. each toe encased in broad pad to increase surface area of footprint.
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Camelidae water loss
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Dehydrated camels let body T rise over 40 during day. Saves more water than evaporative cooling. Urine excreted very concentrated. With water, body T under 39
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Non & Perissodactyla Digestion (path, pros (3), cons (2), result
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Perisso & Non: Chew once, stomach, S/L intestine, caecum, colon. 45% cellulose. Fast, 48 hrs, process lots of food.Secondary detox in liver, need large volume of food.
Speed means low quality, abundant forage |
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Ruminantia Digestion (path, pros, cons, result)
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Chew, rumen, cud, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, SI, caecum, colon. 60% cellulose.Breakdown before absorption, microorgs detox secondary. Slow 80 hrs, secondary can hurt bacteria. Efficient so high quality, limited quantity forage
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Serengeti rains pattern (3 animals)
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Zebras follow rains (eat stem/sheaves)
Wildebeast follow zebras (short grass) Gazelles follow wildebeast (remaining herbaceous) |
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Properties of stems/sheaves, leaves, herbaceous
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Stems/sheaves - low prot, high 2nd
Leaves, Herb - high prot, low 2nd |
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Ruminantia families (6)
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Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Moschidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae, Bovidae
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Tragulidae characteristics (7)
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Mouse deer
-Primitive: No antlers/horns, male tusks, partial cannon, complete lateral digits -Secretive/solitary/nocturnal |
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Giraffidae characteristics (4)
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Cannon bone
Tarsal fusion (stability) Giraffe - savannah Okapi - tropical forest Horns never shed (bony ossicone under dermis) |
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Moschidae (4)
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Musk deer
Palearctic. No antlers/tusks. Scent glands, for perfumes. Threatened |
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Cervidae (3)
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Deer, elk, moose, caribou
-Browser -Antlers - males only cept caribou. grow fast, shed annually, hormones,velvet cover while growing -Polygynous |
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Antilocapridae (Loc, Diet, bone, horn, aerobic)
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Pronghorn
Neartic Browser Cannon bone Horns - keratinized sheath over bone, sheath sheds annually, both sexes Most cursorial mammal - 85 kph Aerobic demand: big airways, lung surface area, more Hb, more musc. caps & mitochon |
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Bovidae (bone,horn)
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Cows, goat, antelope
Cannon bone Horns: keratinized sheath over bone, never shed. Display/fight. Absent in females of smaller species. Female defense, male combat |
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Cetancodonta (2)
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Hippopotamidae & SF Cetacae
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Hippopotamide
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semiaquatic: nostril, orbits on top. sparse fur, oily skin secretion, large body.
night land forage Hippo - gregarious (social), clicks, near water Hexaprotodon - solitary/pairs, forests |
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Cetacea suborders
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Odontoceti - Delphinidae, Monodontidae, Phocoenidae, Platanistidae, Physeteridae, Ziphidae,
Mysticeti - Balaenidae, Balaenopteridae, Eschrichtidae |
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Cetacea characteristics
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-Telescoping: external nares on skull top, long rostrum, overlapping bones, shorter braincase, reduced zyg arch.
-compressed verts, lateral flat tail, streamline -polyphalangic, chevron bones |
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Whale adaptations (3)
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Large:slows heat loss
Blubber: buoyancy, stream Rete mirabile: counter current heat exchange, keeps periph blood cooling core |
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Diving (problem, solution)
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Blood has more O2 binding prots than land mammals. During, HR slows, flexible ribs collapse. Air passages reinforced w/ cart/musc. Alveoli collapse and force air to passages. No Nitrogen gas exchange
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Salt Water Life
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Kidneys of many lobes: increase surface area and filter ability. has long loop of henle to conc. urine
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Odontoceti characterstics (7)
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Assymetrical skill, melon, single ext nares, echolocate, larger prey, groups, teeth
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Delphinidae
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sickle flippers, conical teeth, beak
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Monodontidae
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narwhal, beluga
no fused cerv verts (more motion) Narwhal - tooth tusk, weapon/rank Beluga - white whale, thousand group members |
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Phocoenidae
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porpoise
spade teeth, paddle flipper, blunt rostrum |
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Platanistidae
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river dolphin
long jaw, small eyes |
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Physeteridae
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sperm whale
largest Odontoceti most assym, no upper teeth spermaceti organ - filled with organ, thermoreg/echolo/buoyancy |
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Ziphidae
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beaked whale
defined beak, red. teeth, deep ocean |
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Cetacean Echolocation (types, ranges, practice
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Click - short, broad FM for echolo
Whistle - long, narrow CF for comm Odontos - click,whistle higher freq range Myst - moan,song smaller freq range Clicks to locate, increase as closer. Clicks lower in freq than bats. Passive hearing for prey. Sound from nasal passage. |
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Sound production
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1) Pressurized air to nasal sacs
2) Sound bounces off dished-in skull front 3) Focused through melon |
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Sound reception
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1) Bulla (tympanic, periotic) isolated from skull, insulated by sinuses vs. pressure
2) jaw joint thin, close to ear 3) vibration through dentary to ear |
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Mysticeti
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baleen
Symmetrical, lighter, no teeth, no melon, no echolo, largest whales, migrate longer to follow zooplank |
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Baleen
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keratinized epidermis, grows continuously, worn by tongue
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Plankton, Nekton, Zooplankton
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P - krill, aggregate, slow
N - larger, mobile, includes fish Z - both P and N |
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Balaenidae
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right, bowhead
head 1/4-1/3 length, no dorsal, smooth throat skims- travels at surface to strain easy to hunt |
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Balaenopteridae
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rorquals, humpback, blue
streamline, smaller head, less baleen small dorsal, throat furrow, biggest size range |
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Balaenopteridae eating habits
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gulping: open mouth, move tongue back, throat expand, contract throat, strain with tongue
bubble netting:blow bubbles around zooplankton, concentrates to gulp |
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frontomandibular stay
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reinforce jaw vs hyperdepression
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Eschrichtidae
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gray whale
few throat furrows summer North Pac, winter Japan Feed: stir sediment with snout, filter crusts |
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Whale evolution
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Tethys Sea - IndoPakistan on shores of freshwater waterway
Paraxonic Slow accumulated losses Terrest, shallow fresh/hooved, croc-like, near shore/salt/hearing better, DV oscillation/swimming, modern whales |