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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is hypospadias? |
1. Opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis 2. Due to failure of urethral folds to close |
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What is epispadias? |
1. Opening of urethra on superior surface of penis 2. Due to abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle |
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What is condyloma accuminatum? |
1. Benign warty growth on genital skin 2. Due to HPV 6 or 11 |
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What are the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma? |
1. High risk HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33 2. Lack of circumcision |
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What are the precursor in situ lesions that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma? |
1. Bowen disease 2. Erythroplasia of Queyrat 3. Bowenoid papulosis |
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What is Bowen disease? |
1. In situ carcinoma of the penile shaft or scrotum 2. Presents as leukoplakia |
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What is erythroplasia of Queyrat? |
1. In situ carcinoma on the glans 2. Presents as erythroplakia |
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What is Bowenoid paulosis? |
1. In situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules 2. Does not progress to invasive carcinoma |
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What is cryptorchidism? |
1. Failure of testicle(s) to descend into the scrotal sac
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What is the MC congenital male reproductive disorder? |
1. Cryptorchidism |
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How is cryptorchidism treated? |
1. Usually resolves on its own 2. If not--- orchiopexy before 2 y/o |
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What are the complications of cryptorchidism? |
1. Testicular atrophy with infertility 2. Increased risk for seminoma |
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In what populations is C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae orchitis seen? |
1. Young adults |
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In what populations is E. coli/pseudomonas orchitis seen? |
1. Older adults |
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In what population is mumps orchitis usually seen? |
1. Teenage males |
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What is the characteristic of autoimmune orchitis? |
1. Non-necrotizing granulomas |
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What is the mechanism of damage in testicular torsion? |
1. Congestion 2. Hemorrhagic infarction |
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What is a varicocele? |
1. Dilation of the spermatic vein due to impaired drainage |
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How does a varicocele usually present? |
1. 'Bag of worms' 2. Left-sided |
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With what malignancy is varicocele associated? |
1. Renal cell carcinoma |
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What is a hydrocele? |
1. Collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis |
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What causes a hydrocele? |
1. Incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis |
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What is the presentation of hydrocele? |
1. Scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated |
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Why are testicular tumors usually not biopsied? |
1. Risk of seeding the scrotum |
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What is the MC testicular tumor? |
1. Seminoma |
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What are the risk factors for germ cell tumors? |
1. Cryptorchidism 2. Klinefelter syndrome |
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What are the two types of germ cell tumors? |
1. Seminomas 2. Nonseminomas |
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What is a seminoma? |
1. Malignant tumor 2. Comprised of large cells with a clear cytoplasm 3. No hemorrhage or necrosis |
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What is the responsiveness of seminomas v. nonseminomas to radiotx? |
1. Seminomas highly responsive 2. Nonseminomas show variable resonse |
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What is embryonal carcinoma? |
1. Malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells 2. MAY produce glands 3. Forms hemorrhagic mass with necrosis |
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How does embryonal carcinoma spread? |
1. Hematogenous |
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What is the effect of chemotx on embryonal carcinoma? |
1. Can cause it to differentiate into a different type of germ cell tumor |
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What does embryonal carcinoma secrete? |
1. AFP 2. B-hCG |
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What is a yolk sac tumor? |
1. Malignant tumor that resembles yolk sac elements |
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What is the histological evidence of a yolk sac tumor? |
1. Schiller-Duval bodies---- glomeruloid structures
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What does a yolk sac tumor secrete? |
1. AFP |
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What is the MC testicular tumor in children? |
1. Yolk sac tumor |
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What is a choriocarcinoma? |
1. Malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts 2. VILLI ARE ABSENT
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What does choriocarcinoma secrete? |
1. B-hCG--- leads to hyperthyroidism |
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What is a teratoma? |
1. Tumor composed of Mature fetal tissue 2. Derived from 2-3 embryonic layers
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In what sex is a teratoma malignant? |
1. Males 2. Benign in females |
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The majority of germ cell tumors are.... |
1.... mixed |
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What are sex cord-stromal tumors? |
1. Resemble sex cord-stromal tissues of testicle |
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What are the ssx of sex cord-stromal tissues? |
1. Leydig cell tumors usually produces androgen----- 2. Precocious puberty 3. Gynecomastia in adults |
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What is the histological hallmark of sex cord-stromal tumors? |
1. Reinke crystals |
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What is the most common cause of a testicular mass in males >60 y/o? |
1. Large B-cell lymphoma |
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What are the MCC of acute prostatitis? |
1. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae in young adults 2. E. coli, pseudomonas in older adults |
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What are the ssx of acute prostatitis? |
1. Dysuria 2. Fever 3. Chills 4. Prostate is tender and boggy on exam
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What will prostatic secretions show in acute prostatitis? |
1. WBCs 2. Culture positive for bacteria |
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What are the ssx of chronic prostatitis? |
1. Dysuria 2. Pelvic or low back pain |
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What do prostatic secretions show in chronic prostatitis? |
1. WBCs 2. Culture negative |
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What is BPH? |
1. Age-Related change to prostate 2. Related to DHT 3. Occurs in central periurethral zone of prostate |
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What are the ssx of BPH? |
1. Problems starting and stopping a urine stream 2. Impaired bladder emptying with increased risk for infection and hydronephrosis 3. Dribbling 4. Hypertrophy of bladder smooth muscle |
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What is the state of PSA in BPH? |
1. Slightly elevated |
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What is the MC cancer in men? |
1. Prostate adenocarcinoma |
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Where does prostatic adenocarcinoma usually arise? |
1. Peripheral, posterior region of prostate |
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When should you screen for prostatic adenocarcinoma? How? |
1. 50 y/o 2. Screen for DRE and PSA |
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What is the state of PSA in prostatic adenocarcinoma? |
1. High--- more than BPH |
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How do you dx prostatic adenocarcinoma? |
1. Bx required 2. Gleason grading system--- based on architecture |
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What is a common site of metastasis for prostatic adenocarcinoma? |
1. Lumbar spine or pelvis 2. Increased alk phos, PSA , and PAP |
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How does the Gleason system work? |
1. Dominant pattern is assigned a score 2. Secondary pattern assigned a score 3. Scores added; higher score=worse prognosis |