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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how many bonds can carbon form?
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4
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carbon likes to bond with hydrogen to form...
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hydrocarbons
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what are hydrocarbons?
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compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen
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organic molecules are composed of... (3 things)
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carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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what kind of structure do organic molecules have?
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3D
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what are the four major groups of organic compounds?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all...
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macromolecules
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what are macromolecules?
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large complex molecules
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what are macromolecules structured as?
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polymers
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what are polymers?
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complex molecules made by stringing together many small molecules called monomers
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what is dehydration synthesis?
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the process of linking monomers together to form polymers that results in loss of water
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what is hydrolysis?
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the breaking of macromolecules through the addition of water
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what are carbohydrates?
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sugars
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monomers= monosaccharides= simple sugars
molecular formula? used for? |
molecular formula: C6 H12 O6
used for short term energy |
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what are some examples of monosaccharides?
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glucose and fructose
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what are isomers?
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molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas
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what are disaccharides?
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2 monosaccharides bonded together (through dehydration synthesis)
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what are some examples of disaccharides?
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sucrose (table sugar)
glucose + fructose = sucrose lactose (milk sugar) glucose + galactose = lactose maltose (in germinating grain) glucose + glucose = maltose |
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what are polysaccharides?
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- complex carbohydrates
- long chains or sugar units |
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what are polysaccharides used for?
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packing and storing sugar units for when energy is needed
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what are some examples of polysaccharides?
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starch: form of stored sugars in plant roots. potatoes, wheat, rice, and corn contain starch
cellulose: structural component of plants- found in cell walls. animals are unable to digest it. we know it as fiber. glycogen: form of stored sugar in animals- found in liver and muscles |
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what are lipids?
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fats, oils, and waxes
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lipids are hydrophobic. what does hydrophobic mean?
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water- hating (because they are non-polar)
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what are lipids used for?
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-energy storage (fats)
-structure ((cell membrane)phospholipids) chemical messengers (steroid molecules) |
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what are fats composed of?
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triglycerides
3 fatty acid molecules = 1 glycerol molecule = 1 triglyceride |
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what kind of chains do saturated fats have?
what are saturated fats at room temperature? |
straight chain
solid |
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what kind of chains do unsaturated fats have?
what are unsaturated fats at room temperature? |
bent chain
liquid |
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phospholipids
__ + __ =__ - - |
2 fatty acid chains + 1 glycerol = 1 phosphate molecule
- the phospholipid molecule is attached to the first carbon of the glycerol molecule -phospholipids are amphipathic |
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what are phospholipids used for?
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structure in the cell membrane
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how many layers of phospholipids form the cell membrane?
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2
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what are protein monomers?
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amino acids
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how many amino acids are there?
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20
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amino acids are composed of what 5 parts?
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- central carbon atom
- hydrogen -amino group -carboxylic acid group - R group (something different for each type of amino acid) |
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amino acids are joined together by what kind of bond?
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peptide bond
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amino acids are joined together through the process of ....
*hint* what links monomers together? |
dehydration synthesis
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what do polypeptides need to do in order to function properly?
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fold
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what do hydrogen bonds between amino acid groups lead to?
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alpha helix or beta pleated sheet patterns
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what is a tertiary structure?
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additional chemical bonds and interactions between amino acids lead to a 3D shape
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what is a quaternary structure?
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when a protein consists of more than one polypeptide chain bonded together
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what allows protein to function properly?
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its shape
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what does denature mean?
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unfold a protein
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what can cause a protein to denature?
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unfavorable PH and tempurature
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what are nucleic acids?
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-your genetic material
-DNA and RNA -information storing molecules |
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a lot of the information nucleic acids store is on ...
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how to make all the proteins in your body
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what are the monomers of nucleic acids?
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nucleotides
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nucleotides are composed of what 3 things?
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- a sugar
- a nitrogenous base - phosphate group |
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compare and contrast DNA and RNA
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Different: they use different sugars. DNA uses deoxyribose. RNA uses ribose. they use different nitrogen bases. DNA uses thymine. RNA uses uracil. DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded.
Same: both are 5 carbon ring sugars. they have three nitrogen bases in common: adenine, guanine, and cytosine. |
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what element can be found in proteins but not carbohydrates or lipids?
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Nitrogen
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what determines the shape of a protein?
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the order of the amino acids
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a change in temperature results in a change in protein... and ultimately protein...
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protein shape and ultimately protein function
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what nucleotide is a valuable form of energy for the cell?
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ATP
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wax paper repels water because wax is ...
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non polar, hydrophobic
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why are lipids good at storing energy?
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they contain a high portion of carbon-hydrogen bonds
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unsaturated fatty acids contain...
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one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
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what does amphipathic mean?
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a molecule that is "water-loving" (i.e., polar) at one end and "water-hating" (i.e., nonpolar) at the other end; helps hold polar and nonpolar molecules together; characteristic of the phospholipid molecules in the membranes of living things
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why are amphipathic molecules important?
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They are important to the human body because they function as transporters of hydrophobic material in the body, which is mostly water.
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