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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
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Returns interstitial fluid to CV system.
Protects the body. |
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What is interstitial fluid called once it enters a lymphatic capillary?
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Lymph fluid
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How does the lymphatic system protect the body short-term? Long-term?
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Short-term via phagocytosis and inflammatory response.
Long-term via the immune response. |
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What is the function of a lymphatic vessel?
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Bring lymph fluid into and away from a lymph node.
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What is lymphangitis?
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Inflamed superficial lymph vessel's vasa vasorum gets congested with blood. Visible red lines reflected through skin.
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What do lymphatic vessels merge to form?
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Lymphatic trunks
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What is the function of the lymphatic trunks?
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Drain lymph fluid from large regions.
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Lymphatic trunks empty into one of two...?
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collecting ducts
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What are the two lymphatic ducts?
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Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct |
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What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
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RUE, thorax, head
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What does the thoracic duct drain?
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Drains lymph from the everything except the UE, thorax, and head.
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Where do lymphatic capillaries originate?
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in the intersitial spaces parallel to blood capillaries
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What do lymphatic capillaries merge to form?
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lymphatic (collecting) vessels
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How are lymphatic vesels similar to veins?
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They both have valves, the standard 3 tuicas, and move with skeletal muscles
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Where do the R ymphatic duct and throacic duc empty into?
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subclavian vein
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What is a lymph node(lymph gland)?
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A specialized encapsulated, bean shaped mass of tissure scattered along lymphatic vessels
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What are the function fo the lymph nodes?
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filter out harmful bacteria and materials(increase # of macrophages)
initial site of immune surveillance and activating the immune response( increase # of lymphocytes) |
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what is the outer part of a lymph node made of?
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white fibrous connective tissue capsule
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What type of lymph vessel brings lymph fluid towards the node?
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afferent lymph vessel
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What type of lymph vessel brings lymph fluid away from the node?
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efferent lymph vessel
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What is a hilus(hilum)?
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indented concave region; site of efferent lymph vessels
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What are trabecula(e)?
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Capsule that extends into the node, which divide the node into compartments(like slices of a pie)
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What is a follicle(nodule)?
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The structural unit of a lymph node; formed by the trabecula
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What is the germinal centers?
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masses of actively dividing lymphocytes
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What are lymph sinuses?
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spaces within follicles where fluid circulates; contains ↑ # of macrophages
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What are tonsils?
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mostly unecapsulated lymph follicles
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What are peyer's patches?
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aggregation of lymph follicles in small intestine's mucosal lining
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Its wall is heavily concentrated with lymph follicles?
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appendix
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What causes lymph fluid to flow?
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skeletal muscle contraction
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All body tissues are drained via the lymphatic system execpt for?
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CNS, bone, teeth and all avascular tissue (egs.: cornea)
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What is the largest lymphatic organ?
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spleen
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Where is the spleen located?
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located in the upper (L) abdominal cavity; (L) lateral and posterior to the stomach
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What are the functions of the spleen?
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major function is blood-cleansing: via filtration (has ↑# of macrophages) and immune surveillance and response (has ↑# of lymphocytes)
Is a site for storage of RBC breakdown products and platelets is the site of fetal RBC production |
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What are the sinuses of the spleen filled with?
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filled with blood, NOT lymph fluid
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What is red pulp?
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has RBCs, reticular CT and(mostly) macrophages (for filtration)
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What is white pulp?
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has (mostly) an ↑ # of lymphocytes (for immune surveillance and response)
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Where is the thymus gland located?
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superior aspect of the heart
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What hormone does the thymus gland secrtete?
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thymosin
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What does thymosin do?
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which causes undifferentiated lymphocytes to become t-lymphocytes(t-cells)
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What happens to the thymus gland as you get older?
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decreases in size and activity
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What is immunity?
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the body’s defense mechanism against pathogens
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What is a pathogen?
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disease-causing organism (bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoan)
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What is an antigen/Ag?
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living or non-living substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system (i.e., nonself); an Ag activates the immune system
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what is a non-specific immunity?
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is always prepared; responds immediately to protect the body from all Ags (none in specific); we are normally born with this type of immunity
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What are different types of non-specific immunity?
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Surface barriers, Phagocytosis, Natural Killer/NK cells, Inflammation, Antimicrobial proteins, Fever
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What are surface barriers?
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intact skin, mucous membrane
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What is phagocytosis?
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neutrophils and monocytes are attracted via chemotaxis → diapedesis → phagocytosis
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What is pus?
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dead neutrophils and dead pathogens
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What are Natural Killer/NK cells?
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unique large granular lymphocytes; lyse → kill CA cells and virus-infected cells
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What chemicals causes inflammations?
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histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement and cytokines
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What do antimicrobial proteins do?
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attack and either kill the microbes (-cidal) or inhibit microbes from reproducing (static)
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What is a complement?
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a group of 10-20 plasma proteins that, when activated, release chemical mediators that lyse microbes (via a MAC) and enhance the inflammatory response
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What is an Interferon?
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small proteins released by virus-infected cells that protect uninfected cells from viral replication
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What is a pyrogen?
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A chemical that WBC's release to raise the bodies temperature
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What is specific(adaptive) immunity?
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recognizes something as foreign and responds to immobilize, kill or remove it. This ‘immune response’ is Ag-specific, systemic and has memory
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What is an antigen/Ag?
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any living or non-living substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system
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What are antigenic determinant?
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specific sites on an Ag where
antibodies/Abs or specialized lymphocytes recognize and bind to |
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What are self-Ags?
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a specific group of glycoproteins on our cell’s surface that mark our cells as ‘self’, i.e., not foreign nor antigenic to us, but foreign and antigenic to others
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What is another name for self-Ags?
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MHC/major histocompatibility complex proteins
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What are class I MHC proteins and class II MHC proteins?
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class I MHC proteins: found on all body cells except RBCs
class II MHC proteins: found only on cells that present Ags to helper T-cells: macrophages, B-cells and Langerhans’ cells AKA dendritic cells. |
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What are Ag-Presenting Cells/APCs?
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mainly macrophages, activated B-cells and Langerhans’ cells AKA dendritic cells that engulf and destroy Ags, then present Ag-fragments onto their surface (via class II MHC proteins which can contain metabolized parts of foreign Ags), signaling that the cell has been invaded by a non-self (foreign) Ag to be recognized by helper T-cells
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What percent are t-cells and b-cell of circulating lymphocytes?
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t-cells 65-85%
b-cell 12-35% |
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What causes immature lymphocytes to become specific type of immunocompetent T-cell?
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Thymosin
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Where do T-cell mature?
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thymus gland
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Where do B-cells mature?
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bone marrow
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What does immunocompetent mean?
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to form specific receptors on their surface that recognize and bind to one specific Ag
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What are T-cell and B-cell called when they bind with their recognized Ag?
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functional or activated B-cells and/or T-cells
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What is Humoral AKA Ab Immune Response?
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activated B-cells undergo clonal selection: they grow and rapidly multiply to form B-cells all exactly like the first (i.e., clones) with the same Ag-specific receptors
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What is another name for antibody?
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Immunoglobulin/Ig
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What are the five major Ig classes
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G, A, M, E, D
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What is complement fixation and activation?
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cell lysis (the MAC), plus
enhancement of the inflammatory response and phagocytosis |
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What is neutralization?
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neutralization of the Ag’s ability to bind to its target cell; eventual phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complex
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What is agglutination?
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clumping of cell-bound Ags
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What is precipitation?
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dissolved Ag-Ab complex ppt.s out of solution
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What is the life span of B-cell differentiate into plasma cells?
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4-5 days
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If a cloned B-cell does not become a plama cell, what does it become?
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B-memory cell
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What is primary immune response?
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The first exposure to an Ag.
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How long does primary immune response take?
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3-6 days prior to the presence of circulating Abs; peak Ab levels are present in 10 days
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What is secondary immune response?
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The second exposure to the same Ag
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How long does secondary immune response take?
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only 2-3 days to present an even greater Ab titer than with the primary response
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What is an acitve immunity and what are the types of acitve immunity?
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the individual (actively produces his/her own antibodies/Abs.
naturally acquired-person is exposed to pathogen; develops the ds.; produces Abs artificially acquired-person receives a vaccine of the antigen; no severe ds. symptoms develop, but will produce Abs |
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What is an passive immunity and what are the types of passive immunity?
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the individual does not produce his/her own Abs; the individual (passively) receives pre-formed Abs
naturally acquired-person receives Mom’s pre-formed Abs that cross-over from Mom’s placenta or breast-milk artificially acquired-person receives pre-formed, short-lived Abs from another animal; done in emergencies for short-term protection, i.e.,snake bites; bee stings |
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What is cell-mediated Immune Response?
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immunocompetent T-cells become activated → enlarge → proliferate → form a clone of T-cells that will then differentiate according to their T-cell type
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When does peak T-cell responce occur and T-cell death occur?
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peak primary response occurs within a week of initial exposure
T-cell death occurs between days 7 and 30 |
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What is a cytokines?
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chemical mediators that enhance, regulate and stimulate a variety of immune and nonspecific responses
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What are the types of cytokines?
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Lymphokines: release by activated T-cells
Monokines: released by macrophages Interleukin 1: released by macrophages Interleukin 2: release by activated T-cells |
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What do helper t-cells do?
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once activated, they chemically or directly stimulate proliferation of other T-cells and/or activated B-cells
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What are Cytotoxic T-cell?
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once activated, they directly attack and kill other cells via cell lysis; responsible for transplant/graft rejections
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What are Memory T-cell?
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activated clone T-cells become Memory T-cells (according to the T-cell type) to mediate a secondary immune response; lifespan may be a human’s lifetime
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What are Regulatory T-cell?
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release lymphokines that suppress the activity of B-cells and T-cells (prevents uncontrolled or unnecessary immune system activity)
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What are Delayed-type hypersensitivity T-cells?
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promote allergic reactions
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What do people with SCID/Severe Combined Immune Deficiency lack?
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functioning B-cells and T-cells
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What does HIV do?
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infects and destroys T-Helper cells and Macrophages
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What are some symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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joint swelling; joint pain; joint destruction → joint contractures and deformities; morning joint stiffness that lasts at least 1 hour
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What are some symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
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neuropathy; retinopathy; nephropathy; micro- and macro-vascular disease
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What are some symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
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skin rashes; fever; joint pain; nephropathy
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What are some symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis?
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fatigue; sensory abnormalcies; motor abnormalcies
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