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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
Worldwide
Hotspots: US |
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Transmission of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
Fecal-oral - contaminated water/food
Infectious form: oocyst |
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Symptoms of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
watery diarrhea
food malabsorption: mild weight loss |
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Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
Modified acid fast stain of oocysts in feces
Immunofluorescent stain with anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies |
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Treatment of Cryptosporidium Hominis |
disease is usually self-limiting
nitazoxanide fluids/electrolytes in immunocompromised patients |
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Type of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Worldwide
Hotspots: Most common in tropical/subtropical regions 2013 Outbreak: Infections occurred in at least 16 U.S. States |
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Transmission of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Fecal-Oral
-contaminated food/water Infectious form: Oocyst |
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Symptoms of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Watery diarrhea
Food malabsorption: -mild weight loss |
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Diagnosis of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Wet mount large oocysts
Modified Acid fast stain of oocysts In feces (variable staining) |
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Treatment of Cyclospora Cayetanensis |
Disease is usually self-limiting
Fluids/electrolytes in immuno-compromised patients Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
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Type of Toxoplasma Gondii |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Toxoplasma Gondii |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -France -In United States: All areas |
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Transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii |
Fecal-Oral (cat feces)
Foodborne (raw meat) Congenital Infectious forms: Bradyzoites (cysts) Tachyzoites (congenital) |
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Symptoms of Toxoplasma Gondii |
Mononucleosis-like symptoms: febrile adenopathy
Immunodeficient: Encephalitis: fatal Congenital: Malformations, Chorioretinitis, Stillbirth |
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Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Gondii |
Agglutination
Immunofluorescence PCR biopsy Immunocompromized: MRI/PET Imaging of CNS |
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Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondii |
No treatment
Immunodeficient: -pyrimethamine + folinic acid -sulfonamides |
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Type of Babesia Microti |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Babesia Microti |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -In United States: NortEast, Midwest |
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Transmission of Babesia Microti |
Tick borne
Infectious form: Sporozoites |
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Symptoms of Babesia Microti |
Flu-like symptoms:
-Fever, headache, -Body aches, -Nausea -Anemia, -Dark urine -Jaundice -Occasionally fatal |
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Diagnosis of Babesia Microti |
Microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood smear:
infected red blood cells (Maltese Cross-like) -PCR -Immunofluorescence |
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Treatment of Babesia Microti |
No treatment
Atovaquone+azithromycin Clindamycin+quinine Blood transfusion |
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Type of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Tropical/subtropical areas of Africa, S.E. Asia, S. America C. America
United States: individuals returning to U.S. from Malaria-endemic countries |
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Transmission of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Insect
(Mosquito) Infectious form: Sporozoites |
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Symptoms of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Flu-like symptoms:
fever, headache, -Splenomegaly, -Anemia, -Meningitis (cerebral) Often fatal |
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Diagnosis of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood smear:
infected red blood cells Parasite antigen card tests: - OptiMAL - Parasight F |
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Treatment of Plasmodium Falciparum |
Combinations of chloroquine, antifolate-sulfonamides,
mefloquine, halofantrine, -artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) |
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Type of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Tropical/subtropical areas of Africa, S.E. Asia, S. America C. America
United States: individuals returning to U.S. from Malaria-endemic countries |
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Transmission of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Insect
(Mosquito) Infectious form: Sporozoites |
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Symptoms of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Flu-like symptoms
-Fever -Headache Can cause anemia |
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Diagnosis of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood smear:
infected red blood cells Parasite antigen card tests: - OptiMAL - Parasight F |
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Treatment of Plasmodium Vivax/Ovale/Malariae |
Combinations of chloroquine, antifolate-sulfonamides,
mefloquine, halofantrine, -artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) |
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Type of Naegleria Fowleri |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Naegleria Fowleri |
Worldwide
Hotspots : -In United States: Southern States |
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Transmission of Naegleria Fowleri |
Exposure to contaminated water via nose
Infectious form: Trophozoites |
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Symptoms of Naegleria Fowleri |
-Changes in smell,
taste senses -Lethargy/confusion -Meningitis-like symptoms: sudden headache, stiff neck >99% fatal! |
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Diagnosis of Naegleria Fowleri |
-Bloody CSF
-Motile amoebae in fresh CSF -Elevated neutrophils in CSF |
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Treatment of Naegleria Fowleri |
-Amphotericin B
(AmB) -Miltefosine -cool patient to 93oF -AmB + Miconazole + rifampin |
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Type of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -In United States: All areas |
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Transmission of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
-Exposure to
contaminated soil/water -Entry via Inhalation, broken Skin, contact lens Infectious forms: Cysts and Trophozoites |
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Symptoms of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
-Changes in smell,
taste senses -Lethargy/confusion -Meningitis-like symptoms: sudden headache, stiff neck >99% fatal! -keratitis, corneal ulcer, blindness |
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Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
-Bloody CSF
-Motile amoebae In fresh CSF -Elevated neutrophils In CSF -CNS Imaging |
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Treatment of Acanthamoeba Castellanii |
-Amphotericin B
(AmB) -Miltefosine -cool patient to 93oF -AmB + Miconazole + rifampin |
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Type of Entamoeba Histolytica |
Sporazoa
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Geographical Distribution of Entamoeba Histolytica |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -Tropical regions -In United States? All areas |
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Transmission of Entamoeba Histolytica |
Fecal-oral
Infectious form: Cysts |
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Symptoms of Entamoeba Histolytica |
-Assymptomatic
-Intermittent diarrhea -Mucosal ulceration -Abdominal cramping -blood/mucus in stool -liver abscess |
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Diagnosis of Entamoeba Histolytica |
-Amoebae in
stool -anchovy paste liver aspirates -Immunoassays for E. histolytica antigens |
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Treatment of Entamoeba Histolytica |
-Metronidazole
with diloxanide -Dihydroemetine (severe extraintestinal infection) |
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Type of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
Worldwide
Hotspots: Africa, South East Asia -In United States? All areas slightly higher in South |
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Transmission of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
Sexual
Infectious form: Trophozoite |
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Symptoms of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
-Persistent
vaginitis -Itching/burning -Frothy yellow /green discharge -Unpleasant odor -Painful intercourse |
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Diagnosis of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
-Unstained wet
mounts of discharge: parasites show jerky movements -Immunofluorescence -PCR, H&E stain -OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test |
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Treatment of Trichomonas Vaginalis |
-Metronidazole
(Flagyl) -Tinidazole (never in 1st trimester of pregnancy) |
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Type of Giardia Lamblia |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Giardia Lamblia |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -Regions with warmer climates -In United States? All areas |
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Transmission of Giardia Lamblia |
Fecal-Oral
Infectious form: Cyst |
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Symptoms of Giardia Lamblia |
Diarrhea (up to 4 weeks):
foul-smelling, greasy Abdominal pain/ vomiting |
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Diagnosis of Giardia Lamblia |
-cysts/ trophozoites In
stool (iodine stain) -Immunoassay |
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Treatment of Giardia Lamblia |
-Quinacrine
hydrochloride -Metronidazole -Furazolidone (children) -Paromomycin (OK for 1st trimester of pregnancy) |
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Type of Leishmania Major |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Leishmania Major |
Primarily tropical & subtropical regions
(incl. Mexico) Southern Europe Very sporadic cases identified in Texas |
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Transmission of Leishmania Major |
Insect
(Phlebotomine Sandfly spp.) Infectious form: Metacyclic promastigote |
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Symptoms of Leishmania Major |
Cutaneous ulcers
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Diagnosis of Leishmania Major |
-Blood smear:
Giemsa/ H&E stain -PCR |
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Treatment of Leishmania Major |
-Pentavalent
antimonials (e.g. Pentostam) -Amphotericin B -Paromomycin -Fluconazole (cutaneous disease) |
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Type of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
Primarily tropical & subtropical regions
(incl. Mexico) Southern Europe Very sporadic cases identified in Texas |
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Transmission of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
Insect
(Phlebotomine Sandfly spp.) Infectious form: Metacyclic promastigote |
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Symptoms of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
Painful mucosal lesions of mouth/nose
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Diagnosis of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
-Blood smear:
Giemsa/ H&E stain -PCR |
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Treatment of Leishmania Brasiliensis |
-Pentavalent
antimonials (e.g. Pentostam) -Amphotericin B -Paromomycin -Fluconazole (cutaneous disease) |
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Type of Leishmania Donovani |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Leishmania Donovani |
Primarily tropical & subtropical regions
(incl. Mexico) Southern Europe Very sporadic cases identified in Texas |
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Transmission of Leishmania Donovani |
Insect
(Phlebotomine Sandfly spp.) Infectious form: Metacyclic promastigote |
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Symptoms of Leishmania Donovani |
-Fever/ anemia
-Splenomegaly -Can be fatal |
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Diagnosis of Leishmania Donovani |
-Blood smear:
Giemsa/ H&E stain -PCR |
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Treatment of Leishmania Donovani |
-Pentavalent
antimonials (e.g. Pentostam) -Amphotericin B -Paromomycin -Fluconazole (cutaneous disease) |
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Type of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
Flagellate
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Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
Primarily in Central
and South America Sporadic cases identified in Southern United States |
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Transmission of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
-Insect
(Triatomine bug) -Blood Transfusion -Oral (e.g. food) Infectious form: Metacyclic trypomastigote |
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Symptoms of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
-Flu-like symptoms
-Myocarditis -Lymphadenopathy -Splenomegaly -Hepatomegaly -Heart Disease -Megacolon -Megaesophagus |
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Diagnosis of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
-Blood smear:
Giemsa/ H&E stain -PCR -Parasite culture -Serology -Xenodiagnosis |
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Treatment of Trypanosoma Cruzi |
-Nifurtimox
-Benznidazole |
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Type of Toxocara Canis |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Toxocara Canis |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -Regions with warmer climates -In United States? All areas |
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Transmission of Toxocara Canis |
Fecal-Oral
(Dog-feces) Infectious form: Embryonated eggs |
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Symptoms of Toxocara Canis |
-Asymptomatic
-Fever -Tender/enlarged Liver -abdominal pain -ocular larva migrans/ ocular inflammation |
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Diagnosis of Toxocara Canis |
-Eosinophila
-Elevated IgE -ELISAs -Larvae in liver biopsy |
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Treatment of Toxocara Canis |
-Corticosteroids
-Albendazole -Mebendazole |
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Type of Taenia Solium |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Taenia Solium |
Worldwide
Hotspots Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, India, and Asia Areas where wild pigs hunted & consumed |
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Transmission of Taenia Solium |
Fecal-oral
(ingested via fecal contamination of environment) Infectious form: Embryonated eggs |
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Symptoms of Taenia Solium |
Neurocysticerosis:
Headaches Seizures Confusion Death Cysts in muscles: No symptoms |
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Diagnosis of Taenia Solium |
-Eggs/proglottids in
stool -Eosinophilia -ELISAs -CNS Imaging |
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Treatment of Taenia Solium |
-Corticosteroids
-Albendazole -Mebendazole Anticonvulsants Surgery |
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Type of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
Tropical & subtropical regions
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Transmission of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
-Contact of larvae
with skin -Fecal-Oral (Dog/cat feces) Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
-Long red skin
lesions -If pulmonary: wheeze/cough -Secondary bacterial infection |
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Diagnosis of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
-Based on symptoms
-Peripheral eosinophilia |
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Treatment of Ancylostoma Braziliense |
-Albendazole
-Ivermectin -Antihistamines -Antibiotics (bacterial infection) |
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Type of Trichinella Spiralis |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Trichinella Spiralis |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -In United States? All areas |
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Transmission of Trichinella Spiralis |
Ingestion of insufficiently cooked contaminated meat (Commonly: Pork)
Infectious form: Encysted larvae |
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Symptoms of Trichinella Spiralis |
-Asymptomatic
-Nausea -Abdominal pain -Diarrhea -Fever -Muscle pain/tenderness |
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Diagnosis of Trichinella Spiralis |
-Eosinophilia
-Elevated IgE -Elevated muscle enzymes (CK, LDH) -ELISA -Muscle biopsy |
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Treatment of Trichinella Spiralis |
-Albendazole
-Mebendazole -Corticosteroids |
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Type of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
United States
Europe, Japan Hotspots: -In United States? Virginia, West Virginia Kentucky |
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Transmission of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
Fecal-Oral
(Raccoon feces) Infectious form: Embryonated eggs with larvae |
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Symptoms of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
Similar to T. canis symptoms but more dangerous
-Nausea -Loss of co- ordination -Blindness -Coma, death |
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Diagnosis of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
Difficult
-Ocular disease: -light sensitivity -inflammation of eye -Pulmonary Disease: -cough/asthma chest Pain Neural disease: loss of co-ordination |
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Treatment of Balysascaris Procyonis (Raccoon Roundworm) |
None fully effective
-Albendazole (early) -Corticosteroids |
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Type of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
Tissue Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
Africa, Middle East, S.
America, Caribbean, S.E. Asia |
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Transmission of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
Skin contact with
contaminated fresh water Infectious form: Cercariae |
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Symptoms of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
-Itchy skin rash
(Swimmer’s itch) -Fever headache, abdominal pain -Diarrhea -Cough -Enlarged liver/spleen, lymph nodes |
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Diagnosis of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
-Eggs in feces
-Peripheral Eosinophilia -Elevated: IgM, IgG, IgE |
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Treatment of Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum/Hematobium |
Control inflammation:
-Antihistamines -Corticosteroids Kill worm: -Praziquantel |
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Type of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -In United States? All areas |
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Transmission of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) |
Fecal-Oral
Infectious form: Eggs |
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Symptoms of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) |
-Anal itching
-(vaginitis) -(Salpingitis) |
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Diagnosis of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm)
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-Eggs in anal |
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Treatment of Enterobius Vermicularis (Pinworm) |
-Mebendazole
-Albendazole -Pyrantel pamoate |
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Type of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -Warm & humid regions -In United States? Southern States |
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Transmission of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
Fecal-oral
Infectious form: Eggs |
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Symptoms of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
-Assymptomatic
-Nausea, abdominal pain -Diarrhea -Anemia - Rectal prolapse -Ulceration (fatal) |
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Diagnosis of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
-Eggs in stool
sample -Eosinophilia |
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Treatment of Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm) |
-Mebendazole
-Albendazole |
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Type of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
-Worldwide
Hotspots: -Tropical/subtropical regions In United States? -Southeastern states |
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Transmission of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
Fecal-Oral
Infectious form: Eggs |
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Symptoms of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
-Asymptomatic
-Shortness of breath -Wheezing -Food malabsorption -Death (rare) |
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Diagnosis of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
-Eggs in feces
-Eosinophilia |
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Treatment of Ascaris Lumbricoides |
-Mebendazole
-Albendazole -Ivermectin -Pyrantel pamoate |
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Type of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
Central America, South America, S.E. United States, Southern Africa, Asia, Australia |
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Transmission of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
-Direct skin contact with eggs/larvae in soil/ on plants
-Fecal-Oral Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
Itchy/rash (usually on soles of feet)
Gastric pain Anemia |
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Diagnosis of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
Eggs/larvae in feces
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Treatment of Hookworm (Necator Americanus) |
-Mebendazole
-Albendazole -Pyrantel pamoate -Blood transfusions |
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Type of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
Africa, Asia, Americas, Middle East, Southern Europe, North/East Australia
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Transmission of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
-Direct skin contact with eggs/larvae in soil/ on plants
-Fecal-Oral Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
Itchy/rash (usually on soles of feet)
Gastric pain Anemia |
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Diagnosis of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
Eggs/larvae in feces
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Treatment of Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale) |
-Mebendazole
-Albendazole -Pyrantel pamoate -Blood transfusions |
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Type of Strongyloides Stercoralis |
Intestinal Helminth
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Geographical Distribution of Strongyloides Stercoralis |
Tropical & sub-tropical regions, incl. S. United States
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Transmission of Strongyloides Stercoralis |
-Fecal-oral:
contact with contaminated soil -Autoinfection Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Strongyloides Stercoralis |
-Assymptomatic
-Diarrhea -Coughing/wheezing -Shortness of breath -Epigastric pain |
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Diagnosis of Strongyloides Stercoralis |
-Larvae in
stool/sputum -Larva currens -Eosinophilia -ELISA |
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-Ivermectin |
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Morphology of Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst |
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Morphology of Cryptosporidium hominis trophozoite |
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Morphology of Cryptosporidium hominis Acid-fast |
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Morphology of Cyclospora cayetanensis oocyte |
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Morphology of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites |
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Morphology of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites |
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Morphology of Babesia microti trophozoite rings & merozoites |
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Morphology of Plasmodium falciparum ring |
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Morphology of Plasmodium falciparum schizont |
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Morphology of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte |
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Morphology of Plasmodium sporozoites (all) |
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Morphology of Plasmodium vivax/ovale/malariae ring |
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Morphology of Plasmodium vivax/ovale/malariae schizont |
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Morphology of Plasmodium vivax/ovale/malariae gametocyte |
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Morphology of Naegleria fowleri cyst |
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Morphology of Naegleria fowleri trophozoite |
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Morphology of Naegleria fowleri in the brain |
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Morphology of Acanthamoeba castellanii cyst |
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Morphology of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite |
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Morphology of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the brain |
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Morphology of Entamoeba histolytica cyst |
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Morphology of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite |
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Morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite |
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Morphology of Giardia lamblia cyst |
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Morphology of Giardia lamblia trophozoite |
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Morphology of Leishmania (major/brasiliensis/donovani) promastigotes (insect stage) |
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Morphology of Leishmania (major/brasiliensis/donovani) amastigotes (host cell) |
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Morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote |
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Morphology of Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote |
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Morphology of Toxocara canis eggs |
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Morphology of Toxocara canis adults |
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Morphology of Taenia solium egg |
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Morphology of Taenia solium adult |
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Morphology of Ancylostoma braziliense eggs |
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Morphology of Ancylostoma braziliense adults |
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Morphology of Trichinella spiralis larvae |
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Morphology of Trichinella spiralis adults |
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Morphology of Balysascaris procyonis (Raccoon roundworm) eggs |
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Morphology of Balysascaris procyonis (Raccoon roundworm) adults |
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Morphology of Schistosoma (mansoni/japonicum/hematobium) adults |
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Morphology of Schistosoma mansoni egg |
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Morphology of Schistosoma japonicum egg |
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Morphology of Schistosoma hematobium egg |
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Morphology of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) egg |
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Morphology of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) adults |
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Morphology of Tricuris triciura (whipworm) egg |
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Morphology of Tricuris triciura (whipworm) adult |
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Morphology of Ascaris lumbricoides egg |
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Morphology of Ascaris lumbricoides adult |
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Morphology of hookworm (Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale) egg |
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Morphology of hookworm (Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale) adult |
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Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis egg |
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Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis adult |
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Distribution of Wuchereria Bancrofti
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Tropics/ sub-tropic regions of Asia, Africa, Western Pacific, Caribbean, South & Central America
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Transmission of Wuchereria Bancrofti |
Insect
(Mosquito) Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti |
-Asymptomatic
-Severe lymphedema: swelling of e.g. legs -Hardening/ thickening of skin: elephantiasis -Increased incidence of bacterial infections |
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Diagnosis of Wuchereria Bancrofti |
-Microfilariae in
blood smear (Giemsa / H&E stain) -Elevated anti- filarial IgG4 |
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Treatment of Wuchereria Bancrofti |
-Diethyl-carbamazine
-Ivermectin (kills Microfilariae only) |
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Distribution of Brugia Malayi |
Asia
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Transmission of Brugia Malayi |
Insect
(Mosquito) Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Brugia Malayi |
-Asymptomatic
-Severe lymphedema: swelling of e.g. legs -Hardening/ thickening of skin: elephantiasis -Increased incidence of bacterial infections |
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Diagnosis of Brugia Malayi |
-Microfilariae in
blood smear (Giemsa / H&E stain) -Elevated anti- filarial IgG5 |
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Treatment of Brugia Malayi |
-Diethyl-carbamazine
-Ivermectin (kills Microfilariae only) |
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Distribution of Onchocerca Volvulus |
Africa,
Central & South America Yemen (especially surrounding rivers) |
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Transmission of Onchocerca Volvulus |
Insect
(Blackfly) Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Onchocerca Volvulus |
-Assymptomatic
-Itchy skin rash -Nodules under skin -Thinning skin -Blindness |
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Diagnosis of Onchocerca Volvulus |
-Larvae
identified in skin biopsy -Adult worms in nodules Ocular infections: slit-lamp exam |
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Treatment of Onchocerca Volvulus |
-Ivermectin
(kills larvae) -Doxycycline |
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Distribution of Loa Loa |
Western & Central Africa
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Transmission of Loa Loa |
Insect
(Deer Fly, Mango Fly) Infectious form: Larvae |
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Symptoms of Loa Loa |
-Calabar swellings
-Eye pain/itching -Light sensitivity -Muscle/joint pain -Fatigue - Worms in eye -Worms under skin |
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Diagnosis of Loa Loa |
Worm identification upon removal from eye/ skin
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Treatment of Loa Loa |
-Removal of worms from eye/ skin
-Diethyl-carbamazine (caution) -Albendazole (kills adults only) |
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Distribution of Echinococcus Granulosus |
Worldwide
Hotspots: -Europe, Asia, Africa Middle East, Central America, South America -In United States? Alaska |
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Transmission of Echinococcus Granulosus |
-Fecal-oral:
Food/water/ soil Infectious form: Embryonated egg |
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Symptoms of Echinococcus Granulosus |
-Assymptomatic
-Pain/nausea/ vomiting -Cough -Mild-severe Anaphylaxis -Can be fatal |
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Diagnosis of Echinococcus Granulosus |
-CT/MRI scan:
cyst-like mass -ELISA |
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Treatment of Echinococcus Granulosus |
Cystic disease:
Surgery to remove hydatid cyst -Benzimidazole -Mebendazole Alveolar disease: -Mebendazole -Albendazole |
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Distribution of Chlonorchis Sinensis |
Southeast Asia, Russia
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Transmission of Chlonorchis Sinensis |
Eating contaminated raw/undercooked fish
Infectious form: Metacercariae (encysted cercariae) |
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Symptoms of Chlonorchis Sinensis |
-Inflammation of
biliary ducts -Abdominal pain -Nausea -Diarrhea -Cancer may develop |
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Diagnosis of Chlonorchis Sinensis |
-Eggs in stool
-Ultrasound/CT/ MRI scan |
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Treatment of Chlonorchis Sinensis |
-Praziquantel
-Albendazole |
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Distribution of Paragonimus Westermani |
Southeast Asia, Japan
(Other species found in Americas, Africa) |
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Transmission of Paragonimus Westermani |
Eating contaminated raw/undercooked crab/crayfish
Infectious form: Metacercariae |
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Symptoms of Paragonimus Westermani |
-Asymptomatic
-Cough -Abdominal pain -Low-grade fever -Bloody sputum (tuberculosis-like) |
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Diagnosis of Paragonimus Westermani |
-Eggs in sputum
-Eggs in stool -Tissue biopsy |
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Treatment of Paragonimus Westermani |
-Praziquantel
-Bithionol -Corticosteroids |
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Morphology of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae |
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Morphology of Wuchereria bancrofti adult |
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Morphology of Brugia malayi microfilariae |
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Morphology of Brugia malayi adult |
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Morphology of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae |
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Morphology of Onchocerca volvulus adult |
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Morphology of Loa loa microfilariae |
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Morphology of Loa loa adult |
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Morphology of Echinococcus granulosus egg |
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Morphology of Echinococcus granulosus adult |
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Morphology of Chlonorchis sinensis egg |
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Morphology of Chlonorchis sinensis adult |
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Morphology of Paragonimus westermani egg |
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Morphology of Paragonimus westermani adult |
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