Liver & Gallbladder

Front 1

Proteins synthesized by the liver (6)

Back 1

albumin

lipoprotein (VLDL)

glycoprotein (haptoglobin, transferrin, hemopexin)

prothrombin

fibrinogen

non-immune alpha and beta globulin

Front 2

Vitamins stored by the liver (3)

Back 2

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin K

Front 3

function of hepatocytes with respect to drugs and toxins

Back 3

oxidize or conjugate water insoluble drugs and toxins to make them more easily removable by the kidney

Front 4

Metabolic functions of the kidney (3)

Back 4

glycogen storage

cholesterol metabolism

urea synthesis

Front 5

Composition of bile (2)

Back 5

waste products of erythrocyte production

bile salts

Front 6

Endocrine functions of the liver (3)

Back 6

modification of vitamin D

modification of thyroxine

production of growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH)

Front 7

Blood supply of the liver (2)

Back 7

hepatic portal vein (75%)

hepatic artery (25%)

Front 8

composition of hepatic portal vein blood (5)

Back 8

nutrients from the intestine

toxins from the intestine

blood cell breakdown products from the spleen

endocrine secretions of the pancreas

enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract

Front 9

hepatic portal vein vs. hepatic artery

*[O2]

Back 9

hepatic portal vein - low [O2]

hepatic artery - high [O2]

Front 10

Components of the portal triad

Back 10

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

bile duct

Front 11

hepatic sinusoids drain into the

Back 11

central vein (terminal hepatic venule)

Front 12

central veins empty into the

Back 12

sublobular veins

Front 13

sublobular veins empty into the

Back 13

hepatic veins

Front 14

classic liver lobule configuration

Back 14

hexagonal cylinder

central vein is located at the center

portal triads (6) are located at the corners

Front 15

portal lobule configuration

Back 15

triangle

portal canal is located at the center

central veins (3) are located at the corners

Front 16

configuration of liver acinus

Back 16

lozenge or football shape

long axis is a line drawn between two central veins

short axis is a line drawn between adjacent portal canals that lie between the central veins

Front 17

Elliptical zones of a liver acinus (3)

*oxygen and nutrient and toxin exposure

Back 17

Zone 1 (closest to the short axis)
- zone 1 hepatocytes are the first to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from the sinusoidal blood (last to die when circulation is impaired and first to regenerate)

Zone 2
- zone 2 are second in reiving oxygen, nutrients and toxins from sinusoidal blood
Zone 3
- zone 3 hepatocytes are last to receive oxygen, nutrients and toxins from sinusoidal blood (first to show ischemic necrosis and first to show fat accumulation)

Front 18

hepatic sinusoids

*discontinuous or continuous?
*fenestrae?
*gaps between neighboring cells?

Back 18

*discontinuous or continuous?: discontinuous
*fenestrae?: Yes (large)
*gaps between neighboring cells?: Yes

Front 19

Kupffer cells are derived from

Back 19

monocytes

Front 20

Functions of Kupffer cells (3)

Back 20

destroy aged erythrocytes

digest hemoglobin

destroy bacteria

Front 21

Function of spaces of Disse

Back 21

site of exchange of material between blood and hepatocytes

Front 22

Ito cells are located in the

Back 22

space of Disse

Front 23

Function of Ito cells

Back 23

storage site for hepatic vitamin A

Front 24

changes in Ito cells during chronic inflammation or cirrhosis

Back 24

lose storage ability

transform into myofibroblasts and synthesize the collagen that results in liver fibrosis

Front 25

Characteristics of hepatocyte nuclei

Back 25

binucleated

polyploid (adult liver: tetraploid)

Front 26

life span of hepatocytes

Back 26

5 months

Front 27

hepatocyte organelles (6)

Back 27

numerous mitochondria

numerous Golgi apparatuses (50)

RER

sER

peroxisomes

lysosomes

Front 28

sER hypertrophy due to

Back 28

toxins (e.g., ethanol)

Front 29

neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is caused by

*treatment

Back 29

underdevloped sER (bilirubin is not converted to bilirubin glucuronide)

*treatment: blue light from fluorescent bulbs

Front 30

bile canaliculi empty into

Back 30

intrahepatic ductules (canals of Hering)

Front 31

intrahepatic ductules (canals of Hering) empty into

Back 31

interlobular bile ducts (part of portal triad)

Front 32

composition of bile (6)

Back 32

*water

*phospholipids (e.g., lecithin)

*cholesterol

bile salts (e.g., cholic acid)

bile pigments

*electrolytes

* = recycled

Front 33

% of bile salts that are recycled

Back 33

90%

Front 34

the color of feces is due to

Back 34

bilirubin glucuronide

Front 35

hormones responsible for increases in bile flow (3)

Back 35

CCK

gastrin

motilin

Front 36

# of times that bile can be concentrated in the gallbladder

Back 36

10X

Front 37

pathway of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum

Back 37

cystic duct --> common bile duct --> sphincter of Oddi --> duodenum

Front 38

Gallbladder:

*epithelium
*microvilli?

Back 38

*epithelium: simple columnar
*microvilli?: Yes (apical)

Front 39

Histologically, the gallbladder lacks

Back 39

muscularis mucosae

submucosa

Front 40

invaginations of the mucosa of the gallbladder form

Back 40

diverticula (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses)