Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
segment
|
discrete unit of speech that can be further divided into Cs and Vs
|
|
|
suprasegmentals
|
properties such as stress, tone, and intonation that can apply to a STRING of Vs and Cs
|
|
|
Consonant
|
sound that involves the constriction of the vocal tract
|
|
|
Vowel
|
sound that has NO constriction of the vocal tract
|
|
|
monophthong
|
a simple vowel sound. only one sound is made
|
|
|
diphthong
|
series of two vowel sounds together that form one
5: ai (bite), aupsilon (bout, brown), ƆI (boy, rejoice), oupsilon (boat, grow), ei (bait, great) |
|
|
phonetic alphabet consists of...
|
27 consonants
4 syllabic consonants 10 monophthongs 5 diphthongs |
|
|
ʔ
|
glottal stop ( uh-oh)
|
|
|
Θ
|
theta (three, teeth)
|
|
|
ʃ
|
esh (shy, mission, nation)
|
|
|
ſ
|
flap (butter, clutter)
|
|
|
dƺ
|
jellow, judge, region
|
|
|
tʃ
|
choke, match
|
|
|
ɳ
|
engma (lung, think, ankle)
|
|
|
j
|
lowercase j (you, feud, use)
|
|
|
ƺ
|
yogh (azure, vision, decision)
|
|
|
ẉ
|
voiceless w (which, where)
|
|
|
eth
|
the, their, either
|
|
|
syllabic m
|
possum, Adam, chasm
|
|
|
syllabic n
|
botton, chicken, lesson
|
|
|
syllabic l
|
little, signle, simple
|
|
|
syllabic ᴚ
|
singer, ladder, burp
|
|
|
articulation
|
motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract with respect to another position on the vocal tract in production of speech sound
|
|
|
3 aspects of articulation
|
voiced or voiceless
place of articulation manner of articulation |
|
|
3 parts of human speech production
|
vocal tract
larynx subglottal |
|
|
bilabial
|
consonants made by bringing lips together
5 sounds: [p],[b],[m],[w],[ẉ] |
|
|
labiodental
|
lower lip against upper front teeth
2 sounds: [f], [v] |
|
|
interdentals
|
tip of tongue between teeth
2 sounds: [eth], [Θ] |
|
|
alveolar
|
tongue touches alveolar ridge
7 sounds: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ᴚ] |
|
|
palatal
|
tounge touches 'hard palate' behind alveolar
5 sounds: [ʃ], [dƺ], [j], [ƺ], [tʃ] |
|
|
velar
|
tounge touches 'soft palate, or velum behind hard palate
3 sounds: [k], [g], [ɳ] |
|
|
glottal
|
sounds produced at larynx
2 sounds: [h], [ʔ] |
|
|
manner of articulation
|
how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce sound
|
|
|
stops
|
complete airway obstruction
6 sounds: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] |
|
|
fricatives
|
near complete obstruction of vocal tract
8 sounds: [f],[v],[eth],[s],[z], [ƺ], [Θ], [ʃ] |
|
|
affricates
|
briefly stopping airstream and then releasing so noise is made
2 sounds: [dƺ], [tʃ] |
|
|
nasals
|
lowering velum and opening nasal passage
3 sounds: [m], [n], [ɳ] |
|
|
liquids
|
constriction of tract without blocking
[l], [ᴚ] |
|
|
glides
|
closed just enough to prevent vowel sound [w], [j], [ẉ]
|
|
|
flap
|
a quicker stop
[ſ] |
|
|
Vowels
|
function as syllable nuclei
no constriction of voice tract |
|
|
4 ways to shape vowels
|
tongue height
tongue advancement rounding of lips tense or lax vowels |
|
|
high tongue height
|
[i],[I],[u],[upsilon]
|
|
|
mid tongue height
|
[ɛ], [ə] [ɔ] [Ʌ]
|
|
|
low tongue height
|
[a], [ᴂ]
|
|
|
front tongue advancement
|
[i], [I], [ᴂ], [ɛ]
|
|
|
central tongue advancement
|
[ə], [Ʌ]
|
|
|
back tongue advancement
|
[upsilon], [u], [a], [ɔ]
|
|
|
rounded vowels
|
[ɔ], [upsilon], [u]
|
|
|
tense vowels
|
[i], [u] (more extreme position of tongue)
|
|
|
[i]
|
high front tense vowel
we, beat |
|
|
[I]
|
high front lax vowel
bit, injury |
|
|
[ɛ]
|
mid front vowel
bet, guest |
|
|
[ᴂ]
|
ash - low front vowel
bat, rally |
|
|
[u]
|
high back rounded tense vowel
boot, who, duty |
|
|
[upsilon]
|
high back rounded vowel
put, foot |
|
|
[ɔ]
|
mid back rounded vowel
bought, caught |
|
|
[a]
|
script a - low back vowel
pot, honor |
|
|
[Ʌ]
|
wedge - mid central vowel
but, tough, oven |
|
|
[ə]
|
schwa insertion - mid central vowel
sofa, amoung |
|
|
prescriptive grammar
|
grammar how it is supposed to be spoken
|
|
|
descriptive grammar
|
grammar how it is actually spoken
|
|
|
suprasegmental features
|
aspects of speech that invovle more htan single consonants and vowels
|
|
|
stress
|
syllable pronounced with a great amount of energy.
higher in pitch, louder, and longer |
|
|
length
|
suprasegmental feature that can be phonemic in some languages (change meaning of word)
|
|
|
pitch
|
rate of vibration of vocal cords (how high or low your voice sounds)
|
|
|
tone
|
pitch variation over a syllable. in some languages this alone can change meaning
|
|
|
intonation
|
pitch variation over a sentence
|
|
|
minimal pair
|
a pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound, and have different meanings.
minimal pair = allophones of different phonemes -->contrastive distribution |
|
|
phoneme
|
class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound
|
|
|
allophone
|
each member of a phoneme
|
|
|
natural classes
|
sounds that have the same manner and place of articulation
|
|
|
sibilants
|
consonants that end in sounds that have a high pitched hissing sound quality
|
|
|
obstruents
|
produced with an obstructed of the airflow
ex. stops, fricatives and affricates |
|
|
sonorants
|
produced with a relatively open passage for airflow
nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels |
|
|
assimilation
|
cause a sound to become more like a neighboring sound.
|
|
|
insertion
|
cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word
|
|
|
deletion
|
eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level
|
|
|
metathesis
|
change the order of sounds to make it easier to pronounce and understand
|
|
|
strengthening
|
makes sounds sound stronger (aspirating)
|
|
|
weakening
|
causes sound to become weaker (flapping
|
