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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
• In order to maximize beneficial drug responses and minimize harm, we must:
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adjust therapy to account for sources of individual variation.
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• Dosage adjustments made to account for size are often based on:
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body surface area, rather than simply on body weight.
• As a rule, small patients need smaller doses than large patients need. |
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• Kidney disease can:
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decrease drug excretion, thereby causing drug levels to rise.
To prevent toxicity, drugs that are eliminated by the kidneys should be given in reduced dosage. |
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• Liver disease can:
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decrease drug metabolism, thereby causing levels to rise.
To prevent toxicity, drugs that are eliminated by the liver should be given in reduced dosage. |
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• When a patient becomes tolerant to a drug:
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the dosage must be increased to maintain beneficial effects.
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• Pharmacodynamic tolerance results from:
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adaptive changes that occur in response to prolonged drug exposure. Pharmacodynamic tolerance increases the MEC of a drug.
• (MEC) is defined as: the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur. |
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• Pharmacokinetic tolerance results from:
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accelerated drug metabolism.
Pharmacokinetic tolerance does not increase the MEC. • (MEC) is defined as: the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur. |
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• Metabolic tolerance is defined as:
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tolerance resulting from accelerated drug metabolism.
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Tachyphylaxis is not a common mechanism of drug tolerance.
Tachyphylaxis is defined as: |
a form of tolerance that can be defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a period of short time.
• Unlike pharmacodynamic and metabolic tolerances, which take days to develop, tachyphylaxis occurs quickly. |
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placebo is:
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a preparation that is devoid of intrinsic pharmacologic activity. The primary use of the placebo is as a control preparation during clinical trials.
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• A placebo effect is defined as:
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the component of a drug response that can be attributed to psychologic factors, rather than to direct physiologic or biochemical actions of the drug.
Solid proof that most placebo effects are real is lacking. |
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• Bioavailability refers to:
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the ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration.
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Differences in bioavailability matter most for drugs that:
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have a narrow therapeutic range.
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Pharmacogenomics is:
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the study of how genes affect individual drug responses.
Alterations in the genes that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in increased or decreased metabolism of many drugs. • Genetic variations can alter the structure of drug receptors and other target molecules and can thereby influence drug responses. |
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• Race is a poor predictor of drug responses. What really matters is not race, but rather:
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the specific genetic variations and psychosocial factors shared by some group members that can influence drug responses.
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• Poor patient adherence is a major source of:
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individual variation.
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