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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
innate immunity
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- nonspecific responses
- rapid response - present at birth |
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adaptive immunity
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- specific responses adapted to a particular invading microbe
- slower to develop - has a "memory" component |
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first line of defense
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- line of defense
- involves skin and mucous membranes - has physical, chemical, and microbial protective factors |
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second line of defense
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- line of defense
- involves innate immune cells - fever, inflammation, antimicrobial compounds, etc. |
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skin
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acts as a really good barrier for preventing disease b/c it constantly sheds. it makes it hard for microbes to invade
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normal human microbiota
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- prevent nasty microbes from colonizing
- block pathogens attachment - compete for nutrients - stimulate immune system |
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leukocytes
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- white blood cells
- immune cells |
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granulocytes
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- have large cytoplasmic granules visible w/ light microscope if stained
- include neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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agranulocytes
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- granules not visible by staining
- include monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes |
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neutrophils
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- aka polymophonuclear leukocytes
- make up most of white blood cells - can leave blood, enter site of infection and destroy microbes |
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neutrophils
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which type of granulocyte cells is active in initial infection stages?
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neutrophils
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which type of granulocytes is phagocytic?
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engulf pathogen cells
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what does phagocytic mean?
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basophils
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- releases histamine
- important in inflammation, allergic responses - 0.5-1% of WBCs |
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eosinophils
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- 2-4% of WBCs
- leave blood - a bit phagocytic - mostly attach to large parasites - releases toxins |
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monocytes
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- immature macrophages
- can leave blood and enter body tissues to mature |
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macrophages
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major phagocytic cells of innate immune response
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phagocytosis
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what is the function of monocytes?
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dendritic cells
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has a big role in initiating adaptive immunity
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phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune response
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what are the functions of dendritic cells?
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monocytes
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dendritic cells are derived from where?
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lymphatic system
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- where a lot of WBCs are found
- monitor for and activate response to invading microbes |
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inflammation
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- destroys or confine pathogen
- repair tissue |
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histamine, cytokines, etc.
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what causes inflammation?
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fever
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- curb pathogen growth
- can speed up immune cell response/chemical reactions |
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cytokines
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what causes a fever?
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gram-negative endotoxin
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when released, what can cause phagocytes to create a fever?
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complement system
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30+ proteins that have various ways to destroy microbes
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cascade/chain reaction
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the complement system is activated in what?
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opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis
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what are the three effects of complement system?
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opsonization
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- effect of the complement system
- coat the microbe - making it easier for phagocytosis to attach and engulf |
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inflammation
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- effect of complement system
- recruit phagocytes to the infection site |
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cytolysis
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- effect of complement system
- membrane attack complex (MAC) inserts into microbe cell membrane and busts it wide open |
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toll-like receptors (TLR)
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- protein receptors on outside of cell that recognize common microbial cell components
- aka pattern recognition receptors |
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pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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- the common microbe parts
- non-specific - leads cells to release cytokines |
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- chemotaxis
- adherence - ingestion - digestion |
what are the stages of phagocytosis?
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chemotaxis
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- the first stage in phagocytosis
- chemical attraction to site of infection/microbes/damaged cells |
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adherence
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- second stage of phagocytosis
- cell membrane attaches to surface of microbe |
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ingestion
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- third stage of phagocytosis
- pseudopodia (projections) engulf microbe into the cell in a lipid vesicle called phagosome |
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digestion
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- fourth stage in phagocytosis
- phagosome fuses with lysosome |
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lysosome
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vesicle with digestive enzymes and toxic oxygen radicals
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phagocytes
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mostly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
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early infection
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actively phagocytic neutrophils dominate during when in infection
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later infection
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macrophages dominate by scavenging for remaining bacteria during what time of infection?
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