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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protozoa |
one-celled eukaryotes |
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metazoa |
multicellular animals |
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protozoa cyst |
some protozoa have a cyst form with a tough protective layer that acts as protection from inhospitable environments |
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trophozoite |
the growing form of portozoa |
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oocyst |
another name for cyst for for some protozoa |
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entamoeba hystolytica Infects the |
agent of dysentry- infection of the intestines |
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entamoeba hystolytica primary food |
RBC, causing ulcer formation and bloody diarrhea |
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entamoeba hystolytica existing types |
both trophozoite and cyst forms exist cyst high degree of resistance to chlorine |
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entamoeba hystolytica can be treated? |
yes |
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Giardia Lamblia |
flagellate causative agent of giardiasis "beaver fever" |
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Giardia Lamblia symptoms |
intestinal upsets, abdominal cramps, flatulence and diarrhea |
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Giardia Lamblia existing types |
cyst and trophozopite cysts have high resistance to chlorine |
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Giardia Lamblia treatable? |
yes |
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trichonomas vaginalis 'Trich" |
flagellate, motile |
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trichonomas vaginalis 'Trich" existing tyeps |
no cyst |
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trichonomas vaginalis 'Trich" transmission |
person to person sexual transmission |
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trichonomas vaginalis 'Trich" symptoms |
intense itching inflammation of tissues |
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trichonomas vaginalis 'Trich" treatable? |
yes |
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Acanthamoeba sp |
infection can cause eye loss |
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Acanthamoeba sp areas usually found? |
usually grows in water and found in the eye |
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Acanthamoeba sp existing types? |
both cyst and trophozoite cyst form in dust |
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Cryptosporidium parvum |
causes chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised and serious diarrhea to immunocompetent |
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Cryptosporidium parvum carriers |
cows, rats, dogs, cats to people |
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Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts |
have high resistance to chlorine |
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Cryptosporidium parvum treatable? |
no good treatment |
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toxoplasma gondii |
may affect fetus in pregnancy |
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toxoplasma gondii carriers |
cats |
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toxoplasma gondii transmattion |
cat feces contain oocysts and ingested by humans or animals also may be aqcuired from undercooked meat- tissue cysts |
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trypanosoma |
blood parasites, transmits mostly through vectors/bugs usually in tropical areas |
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trypanosoma two types T. brucei gambianese/rhodesiense |
causes African Sleeping Sickness |
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trypanosoma two types T. brucei gambianese/rhodesiense vector |
African tsetse fly |
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trypanosoma two types T. cruzi |
causes Chaga's Disease in South America |
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trypanosoma two types T. cruzi vector |
reduviid or kissing bug |
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how to find if cryptosporidium parvum is present |
acid-fast ZN stain |
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Leishmania sp. |
20 different species cause disease- visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous syndromes |
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Leishmania sp. vector |
sand fly |
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Leishmania sp. how it survives immune system |
it lives and develops in macrophages |
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plasmodium species |
cause of malaria, apicomplexa infection of liver |
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plasmodium species 4 main types |
falciparum malariae ovale vivax |
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plasmodium species most dangerous |
P. falciparum b/c i infects all ages of RBC |
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plasmodium species new species? |
p. knowlesii called monkey malaria |
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plasmodium species transmission |
mosquito carries sprozoite in saliva, enters blood stream and enter liver cells in 30 mins |
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plasmodium species symptoms fevers and chills |
fevers and chills caused by the release of toxic breakdown products when the RBCs rupture and release developing parasites |
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plasmodium species symptoms sequestration |
sequestration- sticky collections of parasites and red blood cells obstruct capillaries causing organ death |
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plasmodium species cause of seqestration |
virulence factor called PfEMP1 |
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plasmodium species falciparum consequences cerebral malaria |
clumping and occlusion of blood vessels vasculitis- the inflammation of the blood vessels |
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plasmodium species falciparum consequences anemia |
caused by lysis of RBC |
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plasmodium species falciparum consequences kidney failure |
caused by high levels of hemoglobin breakdown products |
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worms |
metazoa |
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nematodes |
intestinal and blood nematodes |
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nematodes biology |
roundworms with digestive system, including mouth, intestine and anus |
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nematodes two categories |
1. eggs are the infective stage 2. larva are the infective stage |
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TYPE 1 enterobius vermivularis-Pinworm |
causes rashes in the anal area |
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TYPE 1 enterobius vermivularis-Pinworm origin |
spends whole life cycle in human body lives in large intestine, females migrate to anys and lay eggs on skin around anus |
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TYPE 1 enterobius vermivularis-Pinworm cause of rash |
produces a glue (irritant) to stick eggs to skin |
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TYPE 1 enterobius vermivularis-Pinworm transmission |
eggs are the infectious stage and transmitted by direct contact with eggs or ingestion of eggs stirred up in dust |
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TYPE 1 enterobius vermivularis-Pinworm infectious? |
very infectious esp. in daycare settings |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides biology |
large round worms about 30 cm long |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides infection type |
though eggs |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides origin |
live in small intestines of pigs cows and horses |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosis |
diagnosis is made by examing feces |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides egg hardiness |
in soil the eggs are very hardy, it has a thick protein coat around the egg |
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TYPE 1- Ascaris lumbricoides growth |
travels to lungs and start growing there, crawls up trachea we don't notice b/c we have swallow reflex kids will have worms coming out of their mouths |
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TYPE 2- Hookworms |
causes anemia- it sucks blood |
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TYPE 2- Hookworms origin |
only found in warm climates |
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TYPE 2- Hookworms infection |
infection by larvae entering skin of bare feet |
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TYPE 2- Hookworms growth |
after entry circulates through lymph and circulatory system, enters lungs then coughed up and swallowed down to the small intestine where they attach by hooks on the scolex/head |
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TYPE 2- Anisakis what |
fish nematodes that accidentally infect humans in larval form |
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TYPE 2- Anisakis prevention |
1. heat to 60 degrees for 10 mins 2. blast freeze to -35 for 15 hours 3. freeze at -23 degerees for 5 days 4. cleaning of fish asap- evisceration- taking out internal organs |
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TYPE 2- Trichinella spiralis |
can cause by attaching to the heart |
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TYPE 2- Trichinella spiralis origin |
ingestion of encysted larvae in undercooked pork, boar, bear or walrus |
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TYPE 2- Trichinella spiralis process of infection |
larvae encyst in striated muscle fibers and the heart |
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TYPE 2- Trichinella spiralis symptoms |
muscle weakness |
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TYPE 2- Trichinella spiralis treateable? |
difficult to treat |
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TYPE 2- blood nematodes/ Filaria 2 types lymphatic filariasis |
adult worms live in lymph tissue |
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TYPE 2- blood nematodes/ Filaria 2 Types onchocerciasis |
adult worms live in subcutaneous tissue |
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TYPE 2- blood nematodes/ Filaria microfiliriae |
offspring of adult worms circulate through bloodstream or migrate through subcutaneous tissue |
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TYPE 2- blood nematodes/ Filaria vector |
mosqoitos |
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TYPE 2- blood nematodes/ Filaria areas of high prevalence |
Africa, Asia, and tropical Latin America |
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lymphatic malaria |
causes sweling of the limbs b/c of all lymphatic fluid, nerves are damaged, can step on stuff and die from infection b/c of stepping on something |
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Trematodes/ FLukes |
leaf shaped worms |
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Schistosoma |
eggs causes inflammation- not adult worms |
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Schistosoma infection |
infection by cercariae- larval forms that penetrate intact skin in fresh-water ponds |
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Schistosoma survival from immune system |
adult worms hide from host immune system under coat of protein taken from the host |
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Schistosoma location in body |
resides in venous plexus of bladder or intestine |
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Schistosoma 3 types S. haematobium |
causes urinary schistosomiasis, resulting in chronic inflammation of bladder wall can cause cancer |
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Schistosoma 3 types S. haematobium location |
africa and middle east |
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Schistosoma 3 types S. Japonicum |
intestinal parasite in Far East |
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Schistosoma 3 types S. Mansoni |
intestinal parasite found in Africa, SA, Caribbean |
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swimmer's itch |
caused by non-human schistome from ducks |
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swimmer's itch |
caercariae don't enter the occur, it is only superficial and causes skin itching |
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Cestodes other name |
Tape wors |
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Cestodes/ Tapeworms biology |
internal parasites, dependent on host for nutrients, no digestive system head/ scolex has suckers or hooks for attachment to gastric mucosa made up of segments called proglottids, which contains male and female reproductive organs |
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Cestodes/ Tapeworms acquisition |
acquired by eating uncooked contaminated beef, pork or fish |
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Cestodes/ Tapeworms causes two type of disease: intestinal infection |
mild clinical picture, produced by pork, beef, fish or rodent tapeworms |
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Cestodes/ Tapeworms causes two type of disease: deep tissue infection |
serious infetions, pork tapeworm causes cysticercosis or dog tapeworm causes echinococcosis |
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taenia saginata: beef tapeworm biology |
adult worms may be 10 m long |
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taenia saginata: beef tapeworm transmission |
infectious larvae ingested by humans in infested meat, maturing into adult tapeworms in the intestine |
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taenia saginata: beef tapeworm positives? |
good for weight loss? |
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taenia saginata: beef tapeworm life cycle requirements |
both human and cattle |
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taenia solium: pork tapeworm life cycle requirement |
pig and human |
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taenia solium: pork tapeworm more dangerous than beef tapeworm? |
yes, b/c of possibility of cerebral cysts, as well as possibility of person to person transmission |
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taenia solium: pork tapeworm 2 modes of infection: EGG |
result in hatching of larva in intestine, which escape and penetrate body tissues, including brain. encyst in brain and cause fainting and seizures |
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taenia solium: pork tapeworm 2 modes of infection: LArvae |
result in adult worm in intestine |
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Echinococcus granulosus: dog tapeworm biology |
are small tape worm |
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Echinococcus granulosus: dog tapeworm origin |
dogs, coyotes, dingos |
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Echinococcus granulosus: dog tapeworm hydatid cyst |
larva develops into a hydatid cyst w/hundreds of worm parts but can't form a whole tapeworm in humans |
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Ectoparasites |
lives on skin, but don't enter deep tissues- superficial often results in secondary infections due to scratching |
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Scabies cause |
caused by sarcoptes scabei |
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Scabies preferred living areas |
finger webs, elbows, armpits, breasts and around the groin and buttocks rarely the head |
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Scabies process |
mites burrow into skin, feeding on it and they mate with females who lay eggs in a burrow host immune defenses react and cause inflammation around the burrows, causing intense itching |
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Scabies secondary infections |
scratching can cause secondary infection with staphlycocci and streptococci |
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Scabies dog mange |
some sarcoptes mites like dog mange don't thrive on humans and can't infect |
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Pubic Lice "crabs" and Head Lice |
penetrate skin with mouth, sucking blood |
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Pubic Lice "crabs" and Head Lice eggs |
females glues eggs to hair shafts and the eggs hatch in 5-10 days |
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Pubic Lice "crabs" and Head Lice secondary infections |
secondary infections when lice feces are crushed into wounds |
