Lec 3 Mmi

Front 1

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES

Flagella

Back 1

motion organelle

Front 2

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES

Fimbriae/pilli

Back 2

1. Attachment

2. sex pilus: transfer of genes( plasmid)

Front 3

CELL WALL STRUCTURES

peptidoglycan

Back 3

lattice structure like mesh

macromolecle, polymer of N-acetylmuramic and N-acetylglucosamine linked with peptides

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CELL WALL STRUCTURES

LPS- Lipopolysaccharide

Back 4

ONLY GRAM -

attached to the outer membrane

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CELL WALL STRUCTURES

Lipid A-LPS

Back 5

"endotoxin" is anchored in the outer membrane

Front 6

CELL WALL STRUCTURES

Polysaccharide- LPS

Back 6

"O" antigen used for identifying strains

Front 7

CELL WALL STRUCTURES

Teichoic and Lipoteichoic acids

Back 7

Only Gram +

attached to peptidoglycan layer, project outwards and cause cells to have a negative charge

Front 8

CELL WALL STRUCTURES

Cytoplasmic membrane- prokaryotes

Back 8

phospholipid CM

Front 9

CELL WALL STRUCTURES

cytoplasmic membrane- eukaryotes

Back 9

some phospholipids, carbs, sterols in CM

Front 10

human cell plasma membrane VS fungal cells plasma membrane

Back 10

cholesterol vs ergosterol

Front 11

cytoplasms of bacteria

nuclear area=nucleoid

Back 11

chromosome (1 in bacteria)

Front 12

cytoplasms of bacteria

ribosomes

Back 12

site of protein synthesis, 2 subunits (70s)

Front 13

cytoplasms of bacteria

Inclusions

Back 13

reserve deposits of nutrients in membrane bounded vacuoles

for energy

Front 14

cytoplasms of bacteria

plasmids

Back 14

small pieces of DNA that code for a restricted # of proteins

Front 15

cytoplasms of bacteria

endospores

Back 15

resting genetic material within a hard coat, resistant to heat, drying, chemicals ( function is for survival)

allows bacteria to live on and continue to infect

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Prokaryote

Back 16

means before nucleus

bacteria and small unicellular organisms

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Prokaryote and proteins

Back 17

begin with formylmethionine amino acid

this protein is in bacteria and picked up by white blood cells, giving them signals they are foreign objects

Front 18

Eukaryote

Back 18

fungi, plant cells, protozoa, metazoa, human cells

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Eukaryote and proteins

Back 19

start with amino acid, methionine

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How about viruses and prions

Back 20

they are not cells and are in neither category

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Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

size

Back 21

0.2-2 Vs. 10-100

Eukaryotes are bigger

Front 22

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

nucleus

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No true nucleus, chromosome floats in cytoplasm Vs true nucleus

Front 23

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

organelles

Back 23

No membrane bound organelles

Vs

membrane bound organelles ex. golgi, etc

Front 24

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

flagella

Back 24

simple flagella vs. complex flagella-if present

Front 25

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

cell wall

Back 25

complex cell wall Vs. simple cell wall- if present

Front 26

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

plasma membrane

Back 26

lacks carbs and sterol Vs. contains carbs and sterols

Front 27

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

cytoskeleton

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no cytoskeleton Vs. cytoskeleton

Front 28

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

ribosomes

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smaller ribosome (70s) Vs. Larger ribosomes (80s) except for mitochondria (70s)

Front 29

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

chromosomes

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single circular chromosome Vs. multiple linear chromosome

Front 30

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryote

reproduction

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binnary fission Vs. Mitosis and Meiosis (sexual)

Front 31

sterols ex. cholesterol

Back 31

allows cells to have flexibility and function properly

Front 32

Mitochondria Theory

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mitochondria has lower sedimentation coefficient (s) b/c eukaryotic ancestral organism got infected by bacteria and the bacteria was kept b/c it made energy

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Prokaryotic Cell

Plasmid

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a small amount of DNA, has space for a few genes.

can help spread immunity

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Prokaryotic Cell

sex pili

Back 34

allows plasmid that are relatively closely related to exchange plasmid, perhaps enhancing antibacterial immunity.

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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

initial stain

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initial stain is lost Vs. initial stain is retained

Front 36

Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

peptidoglycan

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thin layer Vs. thick layer

Front 37

Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

teichoic acid

Back 37

no teichoic acid Vs. teichoic acid present

Front 38

Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

lipopolysaccharide

Back 38

LPS present Vs. No LPS

Front 39

Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

outer membrane and periplasm

Back 39

Outer membrane and periplasm present Vs No outer membrane and periplasm

Front 40

Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

penicillin

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Less susceptible to penicillin Vs. More susceptible to penicillin

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Gram Stains "-" Vs. "+"

stain colours

Back 41

red/pink Vs. blue/ dark purple

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Gram Stain exceptions

mycobacterium sp. -> M. tuberculosis

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Causes TB

Can't stain purple, cell wall has some peptidoglycan but large amounts of mycolic acid

Front 43

Gram Stain exceptions

Mycoplasma sp. -> M. pnuemoniae

Back 43

Causes pnuemonia

no cell wall; contains large amounts of sterols

can't be stained or seen in microscope

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Gram Stain exceptions

Chlamydia sp.

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can't be stained b/c is too small; can't be seen with microscope

gram "-" otherwise

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Ziehl-Nielsen or "acid-fast" stain

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identifies mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

and other organisms w/high lipid/wax content in cell wall

relatives of TB may be found but have different reacions

Front 46

Ziehl-Nielsen or "acid-fast" stain

other organisms found

Back 46

cryptosprodium, a parasite that can cause 20L of diarrhea

Front 47

Clostridium Dificille

morphology

Back 47

gram + bacillus

Front 48

Clostridium Dificille

oxygen and growth

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grows only w/o presence of oxygen, strictly anaerobic

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Clostridium Dificille

survival and endospores

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wen expelled by a human body, the bacteria realizes it is exposed to oxygen, it creates an endospore until it can go back and attach to a body are w/no oxygen

Front 50

Clostridium Dificille

how does it work?

Back 50

works like a poison, damaging cells

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Clostridium Dificille possible cures

Oral metronidazole(Flagyl)

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antibacterial targeting anaerobic bacteria

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Clostridium Dificille possible cures

Oral vancomycin

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works on gram + bacteria

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toxic megacolon

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gangrene of the intestines

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Clostridium Dificille

Quebec 2003

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change to alcohol based hand sanitizers to replace hand washing b/c of outbreak of C. dificille in hospitals and institutions

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Clostridium Dificille

Quebec 3002 stats

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1703 deaths

6.9% death rate

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Clostridium Dificille

is it strictly unhealthy?

Back 56

present in normal flora in 3% of healthy adults

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Clostridium Dificille

how is it most often acquired?

Back 57

most often acquired nosocomially- getting a bacteria from a health institute

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Clostridium Dificille

early antibiotic treatment

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earlier antibiotic treatment eliminated other bacteria but not al clostidria, which then had space to grow

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endospores are not activated by...

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alcohol skin gels

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spores

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survive months in environment, resistant to many chemical disinfectants including alcohols

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Clostridium Dificille toxins

Tcd A and Tcd B

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are cytotoxins that act to disrupt the cytoskeleton of the cells in the intestine wall

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Clostridium Dificille toxinsTcd A and Tcd B

what can it do?

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can cause fluid accumulation- watery diarrhea

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Clostridium Dificille toxinsTcd A and Tcd B

how does it disrupt the cytoskeleton?

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damages intestinal mucosa- neutrophils accumulate, resulting in psuedo-membrane formation

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Clostridium Dificille

New strains NAP1/ B1/ O27

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more dangerous, releases more toxins and resistant to antibiotics

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Clostridium Dificille Treatment

Conventional antibiotics

Back 65

antibiotics like vancomycin and metronidazole

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Clostridium Dificille Treatment

Conventional Pulse Regiments

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Treat 3 weeks, rest 3 weeks, treat again 3 weeks, cycle continues

there are both spores and growing bacteria inside the body, by having a period of antibacterial treatment and no meds, spores are tricked into growing and will be eliminated

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Clostridium Dificille Treatment

Uncoventional

Back 67

Probiotics

Front 68

Clostridium Dificille Treatment

unconventional- fecal implants

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best succes rate

Take feces from healthy people- they are tested and make a slurry, putting it up back through the back end or funnel through mouth to gut

Populates intestine with clean bacteria

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Clostridium Dificille

syndromes

Back 69

range from mild diarrhea(ADD) to pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)

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Clostridium Dificille

complications of the infection

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1. Dehydration

2.CDAD (closdtridium dificille associated diarrhea)

3. AAC (Antibiotic associated colitis)

4. PMC (psuedomembranous colitis)

5. toxic megacolon

6. DEATH

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Clostridium Dificille

children

Back 71

Children less than 2 yrs never have C.dificille infections