Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who was the main psychologist behind "associative learning" aka "classical conditioning"?
|
Ivon Pavlov
|
|
How did Pavlov become interested in / discover "associative learning"?
|
He initially observed the salivation of dogs and was having difficulties understanding why they salivated at different times.
|
|
Who came up witht he idea of "The Law of Effect" (consequences of behavior determine its survival)?
|
Edward Thorndike
|
|
What was Thorndike's "Law of Effect"?
|
Consequences of behavior determine its survival... What occurs after we behave determines whether we learn it or not.
|
|
What did Wilhelm Wundt found in the history of psychology and what did it focus on?
|
He founded the first school of psychology focused on the "structure" of consciousness, the building blocks of perception.
|
|
What kind of psychologists "studied the elements of perception through the methodology of introspection"?
|
Structuralists.
|
|
What is introspection?
|
Looking inside of oneself and reporting; very subjective.
|
|
What did structuralists try to describe?
|
Qualities of perception.
For example, describe the color yellow. |
|
Who came up with a revolutionary idea about psychology in the 1920's and what was their philosophy?
|
John Watson - Behaviorism
|
|
Who believed in these criteria?
|
-Introspection was rejected
-Objective analysis of behavior -Quantitative, measurable data |
|
Who followed the S-R Psychology method?
|
Behaviorists
|
|
What does S-R Psychology stand for / mean?
|
Stimuli and Responses are observable and objective, and should be the sole object of study in psychology.
|
|
What is the updated version of the S-R model?
|
S-O-R model (Stimuli - Organismic - Responses)
|
|
What does the O stand for and mean in the S-O-R model?
|
Organismic events: internal, cognitive, mental events with neurobiological underpinnings)
|
|
What is classical conditioning?
|
When stimuli become associated with one another and come to substitute for one another.
|
|
What is the UCS? What was the UCS in Pavlov's original experiment?
|
UnConditioned Stimulus
Food |
|
What is the UCR? What was the UCR in Pavlov's original experiment?
|
UnConditioned Response; Reflex
Salivation |
|
What is the CS? What was the CS in Pavlov's original experiment?
|
Conditioned Stimulus
Bell |
|
What is the CR? What was the CR in Pavlov's original experiment?
|
Conditioned Response
Salivation |
|
Are the UCS and the CS the same?
|
They are similar, but not identical.
|
|
What is generalization?
|
A similar stimulus to the CS might lead to a similar response (CR).
|
|
What is discrimination?
|
Absence of generalization (similar stimulus's are differentiated between so that they don't elicit the CR).
|
|
What is extinction?
|
The tendency of CR to weaken in intensity when CS is presented without the CR.
|
|
What is acquisition?
|
The formation of conditioning a previously neutral stimulus (NS) to have a conditioned response (CR).
|
|
What is spontaneous recovery?
|
The occurrence when a CS that has been extinguished elicits the CR.
|
|
What are the two factors in "Mowrer's Two-Factor Theory"?
|
1) Classical conditioning - fear is learned
2) Operant conditioning - fear is maintained |
|
What is avoidance learning?
|
Withdrawal from a fear / behavior increases in frequency because it is negatively reinforced; extinction of a fear can not occur because the learner never confronts the fear.
|
|
What is systematic desensitization?
|
-->Treatment for phobias using the principle of counterconditioning
Takes classical conditioning into realm of cognition: visual imagery and mental associations are actively engaged to "desensitize" various fears or stimuli. |
|
What is counterconditioning?
|
A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a CR by associating the CS (fear-producing stimuli) with a new response incompatible with the fear.
|
|
What 3 basic steps / techniques are utilized in SD (systematic desensitization)?
|
1) Hierarchy of feared situations
2) Relaxation and coping imagery skills 3) Application of relaxation in combination with the hierarchy |
|
What is In Vivo Desensitization and how does it different from Stimulus Desensitization?
|
In Vivo means literally "in life" - facing fears in real life whereas SD is merely mental associations.
|
|
What determines the survival of behaviors?
|
Consequences, as in Thorndike's "Law of Effect"
|
|
What is shaping?
|
Complex sequences of behavior are learned gradually through selective reinforcement of "successive approximations" of target behavior.
|
|
What is the general idea of reinforcement?
|
The process of strengthening or increasing the probability of behavior.
|
|
What is positive reinforcement?
|
When a pleasant/positive stimulus follows a behavior and strengthens it.
|
|
What are some examples of positive reinforcement?
|
Money, good grades, hugs, high fives, pleasant drug effects, promotions, bonuses...etc.
|
|
What is negative reinforcement?
|
When a negative / aversive stimulus is removed following a behavior resulting in a strengthening of the behavior.
|
|
What are some examples of negative reinforcement?
|
Pain relievers, giving into whining child, being tortured (tell them what they want, stop being tortured, increase in talking)...etc.
|
|
What is punishment?
|
The process of weakening the probability of behavior.
|
|
What are some examples of punishment?
|
Electric shock social disapproval, monetary fines, jail terms, spankings... etc.
|
|
Is an aversive stimulus always a punisher?
|
No, because sometimes the aversive stimulus does not decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
|
|
Which is more effective, reinforcement or punishment? Why?
|
Reinforcement, because punishment is very inconsistent.
|
|
What is a ratio schedule?
|
A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs.
|
|
What is an interval schedule?
|
A schedule in which reinforcement is based on specific units of time.
|
|
What is a fixed schedule?
|
A schedule in which reinforcement is consistently provided upon each occurrence.
|
|
What is a variable schedule?
|
A schedule in which reinforcement is applied at different rates or at different times.
|
|
What is the best schedule for learning something quickly (but extinguishes relatively quickly)?
|
Continuous Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio Schedule.
|
|
What is the best schedule for maintaining learning (not necessarily faster though)?
|
Partial Reinforcement: Variable Ratio Schedule.
|
|
What does the Social Learning Theory believe in?
|
A cognitively controlled mind.
|
|
What did the Social Learning Theory replace?
|
Behaviorism.
|
|
How did the Social Learning Theory come to be?
|
By re-introducing the importance of internal mediating forces (the O's in the S-O-R model).
|
|
What does the Social Learning Theory focus on?
|
Observational and Learning Phenomena or Imitation Learning
|
|
Which type of neurons help us understand others behavior for us?
|
Mirror neurons.
|
|
What is latent learning?
|
When you know something but you don't demonstrate your knowledge of it.
|
|
What did Albert Bandura study?
|
The influence of modeling aggressive behavior in social learning.
|
|
What was the IV in Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?
|
Exposed to aggression or not / reward or punished for aggression.
|
|
What was the DV in Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?
|
Aggressive behavior.
|
|
What was the order of mean imitative aggression scores for children from high to low?
|
Aggressive model rewarded (15), aggressive model punished (9), non-aggressive model (7), no model (5).
|
|
What are the four cognitive "O" factors in the S-O-R model?
|
1) Attention
2) Retention 3) Reproduction 4) Motivation |
|
What were the three groups in Seligman's Helplessness model?
|
1) being shocked but can do an action to escape (escapable shock)
2) being shocked when ever group 1 is shocked (inescapable shock) 3) did not get shocked |
|
What were the results from the Seligman Helplessness model?
|
The inescapable shock group has learned helplessness because they did not try to escape the shock whereas the other dogs tried and managed to escape shock.
|
|
What was the name of the place the dogs in the Seligman Helplessness Model were placed when they were testing for helplessness?
|
Shuttle Box.
|