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286 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Define the Id.
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The seat of primitive drives and instinctual needs.
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What are the properties of the Id?
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IMPULSES (impulsive behavior)
SELF-GRATIFICATION Primary process thinking Unconscious Discharges tension |
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Define the Ego.
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Mediates drives (id) and external reality.
Moderates drives vs internalized prohibitions Adaptive capacity in relation to external reality. |
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What are the properties of the Ego?
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REALITY TESTING
OBJECT RELATIONS Judgment Modulating and controlling impulses Modulating affect Regulate self-esteem Mastering developmental challenges |
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Define the Superego.
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Seat of Conscience
Ego Ideal Guilt (if too strong = always guilty) |
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What are the properties of the Superego?
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Uses internal and external rewards or punishments to control and regulate id impulses.
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What are the three levels of the mind?
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Unconscious
Preconscious Conscious |
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What does the "Unconscious" hold?
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Thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which we are unaware.
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What does the "Preconscious" hold?
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Thoughts and feelings, which can be brought into consciousness easily.
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What does the "Conscious" hold?
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Mental activities of which we are fully aware.
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How many psychosexual stages did Freud describe and what are they?
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5 Stages:
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic/Oedipal 4. Latency 5. Puberty-Genital |
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At what ages does Freud's "Oral" psychosexual stage occur?
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0-1
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At what ages does Freud's "Anal" psychosexual stage occur?
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2-3
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At what ages does Freud's "Phallic/Oedipal" psychosexual stage occur?
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3-6
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At what ages does Freud's "Latency" psychosexual stage occur?
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6-11
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At what ages does Freud's "Puberty-Genital" psychosexual stage occur?
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12-18 Adolescense
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What are the stages of Cognitive Development theorized by Piaget, and at what age do they occur?
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1. Sensorimotor thought (0-2)
2. Preoperational thought (2.5-6 or 7) 3. Concrete Operations (7-11) 4. Formal Operations (11-18) |
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Name Erikson's 8 Psychosocial Stages in the lifecycle.
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1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs Guilt 4. Industry vs Inferiority 5. Identity vs Identity Diffusion 6. Intimacy vs Isolation 7. Generativity vs Self-Absorption 8. Integrity vs Disgust |
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Briefly explain Erikson's first stage: Trust vs. Mistrust.
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Infancy (0-1)
-build trust in self & environment -personality forms -discontinuities in care = sense of mistrust |
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Briefly explain Erikson's second stage: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt.
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Early Childhood (2-3)
-muscular maturation: holding on/letting go -attaches value to autonomous will -development of one's own will or shame and doubt |
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Briefly explain Erikson's third stage: Initiative vs Guilt.
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Play Age (3-6)
-imagination & ability to move & communicate expand -intrusive activity, curiosity, & fantasy = guilt & anxiety -One's conscious forms -may develop a deep seated conviction that he is bad = stifled initiative or vindictiveness |
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Briefly explain Erikson's fourth stage: Industry vs Inferiority.
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School Age (6-11)
-want to work/learn w/ others -learns to accept instruction -capacity for work enjoyment -No recognition for one's efforts = inadequacy and inferiority |
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Briefly explain Erikson's fifth stage: Identity vs Identity Diffusion.
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Adolescence (12-18)
-puberty -questions "all sameness & continuities relied on earlier" -integrates childhood identifications w/ biological drives, endowments, and social role opportunities -possible development of negative identity towards becoming what parents, class, or community don't want them to be |
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Briefly explain Erikson's sixth stage: Intimacy vs Isolation.
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Young Adulthood (18-mid 20's)
-security in oneself = intimacy with self & others -love-based mutually satisfying relationships -a person who cannot enter wholly into an intimate relationship b/c of fear of losing identity = isolation |
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Briefly explain Erikson's seventh stage: Generativity vs Self-Absorption.
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Adulthood
-grows out of the intimacies of adulthood -interest in establishin & guiding the next generation -lack of generativity = self-absorption, stagnation, & personal impoverishment |
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Briefly explain Erikson's eighth stage: Integrity vs Disgust.
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Senescence (Maturity)
-Satisfying intimacy w/ others & adapts to success and disappointments = end of life w/ ego integrity -acceptance of own responsibility for what their life was & is. -w/o this accrued ego integration = dispair w/ dipleasure & disgust |
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Explain Margaret Mahler's "Attachment" phase in object relations theory.
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0-3 mths = normal autism & alert inactivity
2-6 mths = normal symbiosis & no differentiation between self & other; mutual caring |
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Explain Margaret Mahler's "Separation/Individuation" phase in object relations theory.
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6-12 mths = differentiation & alert when awake; stranger anxiety (8 mths)
7-18 mths = practicing & disengagement w/ frequent returns to mother. Narcissism; anticipates mom will reengage |
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Explain Margaret Mahler's "Rapprochement (Integration)" phase in object relations theory
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18-24 mths = alternating disengagement & demand for attention. Splitting. Language development; intent to solve dilemmas
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Explain Margaret Mahler's "Object Constancy" phase in object relations theory
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24-38 mths = Consolidation of individuality & object constancy.
-substitute of reliable internal image during absence; inception of unified self-image |
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What are the levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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1. Pre-Conventional
2. Conventional (follow stereotypic norms of morality) 3. Post-Conventional (not reached by most adults) |
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Briefly described the Pre-Conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
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Elementary School- before 9yrs
1. Obedience/Punishment 2. Conform to rules to receive rewards. |
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Briefly described the Conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
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Early Adolescence
3. Good boy/girl orientation 4. Obeys laws/obligations/duties & Rules are rules; avoid guilt |
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Briefly described the Post-Conventional level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
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Adult
5. Concern w/ individual rights & morality 6. Guided by individual principles based on broad, universal, ethical principles. |
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List the needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs from lower to higher level.
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Physiological
Safety Love & Belonging Esteem Self-Actualization |
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Which of Maslow's needs dominate in the Neonate phase?
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Physiological
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Which of Maslow's needs dominate during Childhood?
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Safety & Love/Belonging
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Which of Maslow's needs dominate in Adolescents?
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Self-esteem
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Which of Maslow's needs dominate in Adulthood?
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Self-actualizing
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What are physiological needs?
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Those that maintain the physical organism.
Biological needs- food, water, oxygen, body temp, medical care. W/O these they will die |
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What are Safety needs?
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Feel safe from harm, danger, threat of death. Regularity, predictability. Origin of cognitive needs (understand, make sense of the world).
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What are Love & Belonging needs?
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Assurance one is loved, worthy, and acceptable. Demand unconditional acceptance.
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What are Ego/Esteem needs?
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Need a stable, firmly based self-respect & respect from others. W/O this behavior is dominated by trying to gain respect & fame.
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What are Self-Actualization need?
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To be oneself consistently. An ongoing process. Only 1% of the population operates here.
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When is Stranger Anxiety the strongest?
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6-8 months (up to 14 months)
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When is Separation Anxiety the strongest?
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12 months (begins 7mths up to 16 mths)
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How long is Prolonged Separation Anxiety?
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18 months
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Describe the Authoritarian parenting style.
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Restrictive
Forceful, punitive discipline Expect strict obedience No explanation for rules |
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Describe the Authoritative parenting style.
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Flexible parenting
Allow autonomy Explain restrictions Responsive to needs and wants Use power & reason to gain compliance |
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Describe the Permissive parenting style.
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Lax
Few demands Permit free expression Don't monitor activities Rarely exert firm control over behavior |
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Describe child behavior when parenting style is Authoritarian.
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Conflicted & Irritable
Fearful, apprehensive, unfriendly, moody, unhappy, passively hostile, sulky, easily stressed, aimless |
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Describe child behavior when parenting style is Authoritative.
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Energetic & Friendly
Self-reliant, cheerful, curious, purposive, achievement oriented |
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Describe child behavior when parenting style is Permissive.
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Impulsive & Aggressive
Rebellious, low self-reliance & control, impulsive, aggressive, domineering, aimless, low achievement |
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What are the 2 most common characteristics of a batterer?
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1. Witness to/victim of violence during childhood or adolescence.
2. Chronic alcohol abuse |
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What is the Social Exchange Theory? How does it apply to battered women?
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Based on the idea of potential benefits & losses to determine behavior.
Women will only leave when the rewards of leaving outweight the costs of leaving. |
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Why isn't traditional family therapy & couples therapy appropriate for DV?
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It puts victims in greater danger of further abuse.
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How do racism & sexism create deficits in social power Indirectly?
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Prevent development of personal resources, interpersonal, technical skills, & reduce effectiveness in performing valued social roles.
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How do racism & sexism create deficits in social power Directly?
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Block access to good health services and deny valued social roles.
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Name some things to keep in mind when working with Native
American families. |
*Groups more important than individual.
*Tendency to communicate w/ same gender more often *Don't follow linear time *Animism- interconnectedness of all living things *Light handgrasp or brush of fingers- No firm handshake |
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What are the best methods to use when working with a Native American family?
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-Family or Group treatment.
-Nondirective, collaborative approaches. -Use of metaphors, story tellings, paradoxical interventions, networking & rituals |
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Name some common characteristics of Hispanic/Latino families.
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-Fastest growing minority pop. in US
-Hist of colonization & economic oppression -Patriarchal family structure -Most Roman Catholic -Extended families -Culture shock= big prob |
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What are the best approaches to use w/ Hispanic/Latino families?
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-Short-term tx
-Insight oriented -Elicit frequently & validate -Build cnxs between old/new |
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Name some common characteristics of Asian/Pacific Islander families.
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-Confucian & Buddhist philosophy influence
-Hierarchical & patriarchical family w/ strict roles. -Shame used to maintain norms -Indirect communication -Emotional probs expressed w/ physical complaints |
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What are the best approaches to use w/ Asian/Pacific Islander families?
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-Problem-focused
-Goal oriented -Symptom relieving -Psychoeducational approach -Use indigenous supports |
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What is important to remember when prescribing Rx to Asian/Pacific Islanders?
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Typically require lower doses of Rx & may have more side effects.
Recommend starting on 1/2 dose |
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What are some common characteristics in African American families?
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-Multigenerational, kinship, non-blood relatives
-High value on religion -Child may be parentified -Egalitarian marriages -High tolerance for suffering -Physical punishment accepted -Cultural paranoia |
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What are the most effective approaches when working w/ African American families?
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-Ethnically sensitive
-Time limited -Problem focused -Child focused -Family therapy **Use last name unless told otherwise. |
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What must be done when a Native American child is being placed in foster care or adopted?
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Contact the administrative office of the child's tribe. The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 give jurisdiction to tribal authorities.
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What must be done prior to making a psychiatric diagnosis?
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Rule out a medical cause for the symptoms.
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What is the time frame for a diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder?
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<1 month
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What must be done BEFORE making a psychiatric diagnosis?
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Rule out a medical cause.
When a substance or general medical cond. can account for the symptoms it preempts the diagnosis of any other disorder that could produce the symptoms. |
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If symptoms are indicative of both a more pervasive disorder (i.e. Schizophrenia) & a less pervasive disorder (i.e. Dysthymia) how do you diagnose?
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Only the more pervasive disorder is diagnosed if both its defining symptoms & associated symptoms are present.
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What is included on Axis I?
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Clinical syndromes
V Codes Developmental Disorders **May be more than one |
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What is included on Axis II?
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Personality Disorders
Mental Retardation **Also-personality traits &/or habitual use of defense mechanism |
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What is included on Axis III?
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General Medical Conditions
-that are important in some way to the understanding or management of the case. |
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What is included on Axis IV?
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Psychosocial & Environmental problems which affect diagnosis, tx,& prognosis.
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What is included on Axis V?
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GAF- Global Assessment of Functioning.
**No impairment in fxn due to physical/environmental limitations. |
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What are some conditions that might be indicated by psychotic symptoms?
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*Schizophrenia
*Bipolar I Disorder *Major Depression *Substance Induced Mental Dis. *Mental dis. due to General Medical Cond (poss meds) *Delusional Disorder *Borderline Personality Dis *Brief Psychotic Dis *Schizophreniform Dis *Schizoaffective Dis |
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What must present for a diagnosis of Schizophrenia?
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Active psychotic symptoms
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What used to be called "latent schizophrenia" is now called...
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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How long must symptoms be present to diagnose Brief Psychotic Disorder, Schizophreniform Disorder, & Schizophrenia
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Brief Psychotic <1 mth Schizophreniform <6 mths
Schizophrenia >6 mths |
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Patient: Child
Symptoms: Bizarre behavior, impaired communication, impaired social interaction, & restricted repertoire of activities & interests w/o delusions or hallucinations. |
Possible Autistic Disorder
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How many periods of mania are required for a diagnosis of Bipolar I?
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One period of mania
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Diagnose:
Anxiety related to separation from parental figures. A form of phobic rxn. |
Separation Anxiety Disorder
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If a panic attack is caused by a substance what is it called?
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Substance Induced Anxiety Dis
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If a panic attack or depression is caused by a medical illness it is called?
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Anxiety Disorder due to a General Medical Condition or Mood Disorder due to...
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If depression is caused by a substance what is it called?
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Substance Induced Mood Dis
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Name one medical cond that could cause panic attacks
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Hyperthyroid condition
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What are the age specific criteria for a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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> 18 years
Symptoms present < 15 years (<18 = Conduct Disorder) |
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What is a similarity between Delusional Disorder & Paranoid Schizophrenia?
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Delusions may occur in both
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What are some key differences between Delusional Disorder & Paranoid Schizophrenia?
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PS- prominant auditory hallucinations & bizarre delusions that are not characteristic of DD. Generally, DD produces less impairment.
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What category of disorders do the following fall under?
Drug/Alcohol Intoxication Withdrawal Drug/Alcohol Abuse & Dependence |
Substance Related Disorders
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Name 4 disorders that by definition are rxns.
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1. PTSD
2. Acute Stress Disorder 3. Adjustment Disorder 4. Bereavement |
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Name the 7 Disorders that be definition are chronic or relatively chronic
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All Personality disorders
Schizophrenia Dysthymic Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Hypochondriasis Somatization disorder |
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Schizophrenia?
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6 or more mths.
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Dythymic Disorder?
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2 or more yrs
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder?
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2 or more yrs
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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6 or more mths
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Hypochondriasis?
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6 or more mths
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What is the relevant time frame for symptoms for a diagnosis of Somatization Disorder?
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Several Yrs
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What is the difference between Paraphilias vs. Sexual Dysfunction?
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Paraphilia- inappropriate sexual objects or practice
Sxl Dysfxn- inhibition of sexual response |
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What is the difference between Parasomnias vs. Dyssomnia?
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Parasomnia- abnormal event that occurs during sleep or between sleep & waking
Dyssomnia- disturbance in amount, timing or quality of sleep. |
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Name the "neurovegatative" or "classic" symptoms of depression.
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Changes in appetite & weight
Sleep disturbance Fatigue Decrease in energy Decrease in sexual desire/fxn |
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What is Conversion Disorder in relation to motor fxn?
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Although it is associated w/ actual loss of motor fxn or symptoms & deficits that affect voluntary motor fxn the patient does not produce or control them voluntarily.
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What is Factitious disorder?
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Patient intentionally produces symptoms due to a psychological need to adopt the "sick role"
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When someone with Factitious disorder produces physical symptoms the disorder is called...
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Munchausen Syndrome
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What is Malingering?
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Patient intentionally fakes or produces symptoms in order to obtain an external reward or to achieve a goal.
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What is Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy?
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When a caregiver, primarily a parent, produces deliberate medical symptoms in a child. Medical personnel usually become suspicious when a child has repeated, unexplained illnessess. **Is considered a form of child abuse.
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What personality disorder has a symptom of Magical Thinking?
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Schizotypal PD
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What condition can Hyperthyroidism mimic?
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Symptoms of Mania
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What condition can Hypothyroidism mimic?
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Depression
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What are the signs of Delirium?
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Changes in level of consciousness & orientation.
Change in cognition &/or perceptions. Difficulty shifting & maintaining attention. Delirious |
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What are the signs of Dementia?
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Disturbance involving memory impairment & other cognitve impairments.
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What is the most commonly known Dementia?
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Alzheimer's
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What is the cause of Delirium?
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General medical condition or substance use or both.
Usually a medical emergency |
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What is the cause of Dementia?
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Usually caused by general medical condition.
Can result from a series of strokes (vascular dementia) with "patchy cognitive symptoms." |
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Describe the onset of Delirium.
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Rapid or acute onset of symptoms.
Symptoms fluctuate over time (ex: better in am worse in pm) |
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Describe the onset of Dementia
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Insidious- becomes progressively worse over time.
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What are the three clusters of personality disorders?
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A: Odd & Eccentric
B: Dramatic, Emotional, & Erratic C: Anxious & Fearful |
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What personality disorders fall under Cluster A?
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"Odd & Eccentric"
-Paranoid PD -Schizotypal PD -Schizoid PD |
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What personality disorders fall under Cluster B?
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"Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic"
-Borderline PD -Antisocial PD -Histrionic PD -Narcissistic |
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What personality disorders fall under Cluster C?
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"Anxious, Fearful"
-Avoidant -Dependent -Obessive-Compulsive |
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What is Dissociation & who is it usually seen in?
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Disturbance or change in the usually integrative fxns of memory, identity, perception, or consciousness.
Often seen in patients with a hx of trauma |
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Comorbid
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Existing w/ or at the same time.
Ex: having 2 illness at the same time |
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Contraindicated
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Not recommended or safe to use.
Ex: Dr. would not Rx a med or tx that is contraindicated b/c it could have serious consequences |
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What causes Endogenous Depression?
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Depression caused by biochemical imbalance rather than a psychosocial stressor or external factor.
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What are the symptoms of Endogenous depression.
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Usually more severe & consist of the "classic" or neurovegetative symptom of depression. Loss of appetite, fatigue, sleep disturbance, decrease in libido, weight loss, psychomotor retardation or agitation, etc.
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Exogenous Depression
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Caused by external events or psychosocial stressors.
Symptoms tend to be less severe than Endogenous. |
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Folie a Deux
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Shared Delusion.
ex: A person may develop a delusion system as a result of a close relationship w/ a person who already has an established delusional system. |
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Hypomanic
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Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms. Hypomanic symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with fxning & are not accompanied by psychotic symptoms.
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Postmorbid
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Subsequent to the onset of an illness
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Premorbid
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Prior to the onset of an illness
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Prodromal
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Period of time before the onset of a serious illness during which there may be subtle symptoms.
EX: before the onset of a full-blown psychotic episode, a patient may manifest a somewhat guarded, suspicious & angry affect as well as disorganized behavior & thought processes |
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When is the only time a person can be INVOLUNTARILY committed?
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If they are a harm to themself or others.
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What is this psychological test...NAIS?
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Wechsler adult intelligence scale
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What is this psychological test...WISC?
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Wechsler intelligence scale for children revised
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What is this psychological test...Standford-Binet?
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Intelligence test for children
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What is this psychological test...Draw-A Person Test?
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Provides info. about a child's self image.
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What does the psychological test MMPI test for?
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Predominant personality traits or behavior
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What are some Projective tests?
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Rorschach Test (inkblot)
TAT (thematic perceptions test) |
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What is this psychological test...Beck Depression Inventory?
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Scales level of depression
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What are Disruptive Behavior Disorders?
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Seen in children & youth. Exhibit socially disruptive behavior (interferes w/ social situations, such as the classroom, playground situation, & family activities.)
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Attention-Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
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A condition characterized by a failure to remain attentive to various situations, esp. in school & home. Causes are likely to be biological.
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What is required for a diagnosis of ADHD?
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Symptoms must occur in at least 2 different settings/situations. Symptoms can increase during stress or decrease in a strictly controlled or novel situation.
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Conduct Disorder
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Under age 18
Repetitive & persistant pattern of violated the basic rights of others or age appropriate social norms/rules. Low empathy, affection, concern for others. W/o guilt & remorse Callous & manipulative Physical violence: vandilism to rape & murder Truant Substance Abuse |
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What is the most effective Tx for Conduct Disorder?
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Involves patient, family, schools, & community.
Provide parenting skills & behavior modification at home and school |
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Oppositional Disorder
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Kids display aggressiveness by patterns of obsinate but generally passive behavior. Appear to conform, but provoke adults/other kids. Use negativism, stubborness, dawdling, procrastination to show aggression.
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What is the difference between Oppositional and Conduct Disorder?
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Oppositional does not have symptoms that Conduct does, they do not violate the rights of others.
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Name the 5 anxiety disorders of childhood/adolescence?
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Separation Anxiety
Avoidant Behavior Overanxious Disorder PTSD Simple Phobia |
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What is School Phobia?
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A form of separation anxiety.
Allowing kids to stay home only increases the prob |
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Explain Avoidant Behavior
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Kids avoid making new friends or strangers to an extent that it interferes w/ development of peer relationships & social fxning.
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Explain Overanxious Disorder and how it may be expressed
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Kids have diffuse fears & worries w/ no specific cause. Worry excessively about many things.
Anxiety may be expressed as headaches, respiratory distress, etc. |
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What is a Simple Phobia & when is typical onset?
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Persistent irrational fears of a specific objects, activity or situation.
Onset usually = late teens or early adulthood |
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When does PTSD occur?
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At any age.
Following a psychologicall distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience |
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What are some signs that a child is experiencing PTSD?
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Repeat event in play.
Avoid reminders of the event. Feel detached from others. Loss of pleasure Difficulty sleeping Nightmares Difficulty concentrating Physical symptoms (headache) Lose of recently acquired developmental skills (toilet training or language skills) |
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What are Developmental Disorders?
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Primary disturbance in acquisition of motor, language, social, or cognitive skills.
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What are Specific Developmental Disorders?
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Delay in one skill development
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What are Pervasive Developmental Disorders?
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Multiple areas of development are affected.
Group of conditions marked by distortions, deviations, & delays in social/motor skills, language, attention, perception, & reality testing |
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Describe Autism symptoms, including age of diagnosis.
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Pervasive DD.
Onset before age 3. Failure to dev. relatedness to parents & others. As infants- no social smile, avoid eye contact, no cuddle. Kids- fail to dev. normal language & may use non-verbal Possible Echolalia. Activities are rigid, repetitive, w/o variety. Over/under response to sensory stimuli. |
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Echolalia
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Meaningless repetition of what is said by others.
Often seen in those with Autism |
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What is the intellectual fxning of a person w/ Autism?
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Range- profound retardation to normal.
50%= moderately, severly, or profoundly retarded 25%= mildly retarded 25%= IQ 70+ |
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Which sex does Autism occur more frequently in?
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Males by 4-5x as many
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What does Bipolar Disorder look like?
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Distinct period of mood elevation usually followed by a major depressive episode.
Manic episodes began suddenly & escalate. Possible rapid shifts from elevated mood-anger-depression. Possible suicidal thoughts |
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What are some Manic symptoms seen in Bipolar Disorder?
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Inflated self-esteem
Decrease need for sleep/increased energy Loud/rapid speech Abrubt change of topic Distractibility Restless Increased sociality Disorganize, flamboyant, bizarre activities |
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What is another name for Major Depressive Episode when seen in children?
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Childhood Depression
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Aside from symptoms seen in all ages, what should you look for in children with Major Depressive Episodes?
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Irritability
Failure to make expected weight gains Feign illness Hyperactivity Cling to parents Refuse to go to school Fearful of parents death |
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What symptoms might be seen in older children with Major Depressive Episode?
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Sulky
Refuse cooperation in family & social activity School trouble Use of substances Less attention to appearance Negative Feeling misunderstood Restless Grouchy Aggressive |
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When is Major Depressive Episode usually seen if it strictly seasonal?
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Oct-Nov
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Among which population are Behavioral & Somatic symptoms of depression most prominant?
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Children & Adolescents
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What % of teen suicides are linked to depression?
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80%
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Explain Identity Disorder of infancy, childhood, or adolescence.
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Severe distress re: inability to integrate aspects of his acceptable sense of self.
Aspects relate to career choice, friendship patterns, sexual orientation, religious identification, moral value systems, & group loyalty |
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Explain Adjustment Disorder of infancy, childhood, or adolescence.
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A group of disorders that is a maladaptive rxn to an identifiable stressor.
Onset- w/in 3 mths of stressor Symptoms last up to 6 mths |
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What differentiates Adjustment disorder in kids from normal psychological changes?
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Extreme anxiety
Depression Eating probs Sleeping probs Clinging to parents/peers Psychosomatic disorders Impulsive acting out |
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Name some criteria for Adjustment disorder in kids.
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Impairment in normal level of social & education fxn
Disturbance of mood Conduct disturbance Physical symptoms w/o medical basis. Symptoms for 6 mths or less Occurs w/in 3 mths of an identifiable stressor (divorce, death, etc) |
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Describe Encopresis.
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Elimination disorder involving repeated passage of feces at inappropriate places.
Often involuntary (may be intentional) Occurs at least 1x/mth for 3 mths in child 4yrs + Child is embarrassed & avoids situations that might be embarrassing (camp/sleepovers) May suffer rejection from peers/parents |
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Describe Stereotypic Movement Disorder.
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Motor behavior seems driven, repetitive, w/o fxn & interferes w/ activities.
Potentially can cause self-inflicted injury to the kid. |
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Describe Rhett's Disorder.
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Females only
Development of persistent & progressive developmental regression after a period of normal development. Onset prior to age 4- usually 1-2 yrs of age. Stereotypic hand movements Probs w/coordination of gait & trunk movement Profound mental retardation Severe expressive & receptive language development |
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What is an important social & communication difference between Asperger's & Autistic Diorders?
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Aspergers- social delay/probs
Autistic- social & communication delays/probs |
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What are the main characteristics of Asperger's Disorder?
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Most common in boys.
Severe/sustained impairment in social interactions. Restricted/repetitive patters of behavior, interests, & activities. |
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What is the best solution to a child refusing to go to school due to parent-child attachment issues?
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Send the child to school
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Which category of drugs do Neuroleptics fall under?
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Antipsychotics
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Describe Parkinsonian sydrome.
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Triad of signs
*Tremor *Rigidity *Slowed Movement Cogwheel feel to joint Masklike facies, diminished expressiveness |
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What type of drug is Thorazine?
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Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Mellaril?
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Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Stelazine?
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Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Prolixin?
|
Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Navane?
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Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Haldol?
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Typical Antipsychotic
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What type of drug is Clozapine? Name one trade name.
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Atypical Antipsychotic
Clozapine |
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What type of drug is Risperidone? Name one trade name.
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Atypical Antipsychotic
Risperdol |
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What type of drug is Tofranil?
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Imiprimine
Tricyclic |
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What type of drug is Elavil?
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Amitiptyline
Tricyclic |
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What type of drug is Seroquel?
|
Quetiapine
Atypical Antipsychotic Newer |
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What type of drug is Zyprexa?
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Olanzapine
Atypical Antipsychotic New |
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What type of drug is Aventyl?
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Nortriptyline
TCA |
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What type of drug is Pamelor?
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Nortriptyline
TCA |
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What type of drug is Norpramin?
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Despramine
TCA |
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What type of drug is Adapin?
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Doxepin
TCA |
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What type of drug is Sinequan?
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Doxepin
TCA |
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What type of drug is Nardil?
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Phenelizine
MAOI |
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What type of drug is Parnate?
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Tranylcypromine
MAOI |
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What type of drug is Marplan?
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Isocarboxazid
MAOI |
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What type of medication is most effective for treating Atypical Depression and Non-Endogenous Depressions?
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MAOI's
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What are "second generation" antidepressants?
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Have similar effects to TCA's and MAOI's but reduced side effects and adverse effects.
These include SSRI's, and some others. |
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What type of drug is Asendin?
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2nd Generation Antidepressant
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What type of drug is Desyrel?
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2nd Generation Antidepressant
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What type of drug is Wellbutrin?
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2nd Generation Antidepressant
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What type of drug is Ludiomil?
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2nd Generation Antidepressant
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What type of drug is Serzone?
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2nd Generation Antidepressant
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What type of drug is Prozac?
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Fluoxetine
SSRI 2nd gen |
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What type of drug is Zoloft?
|
Sertraline
SSRI 2nd gen |
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What type of drug is Paxil?
|
Paroxetine
SSRI 2nd gen |
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What type of drug is Lexepro?
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SSRI
2nd gen |
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What type of drug is Celexa?
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SSRI
2nd gen |
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What type of drugs are used to treat Bipolar Disorder?
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Mood Stabilizers (1st) & Anticonvulsants
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What is the main drug used to treat Bipolar Disorder?
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Lithium (a mood stabilizer)
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What type of drug is Tegretol? What disorder is it used to treat?
|
Carbamazepine
Anticonvulsant Bipolar Disorder |
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What type of drug is Depakote? What disorder is it used to treat?
|
Valproic Acid
Anticonvulsant Bipolar Disorder |
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What type of drug is Neurontin? What disorder is it used to treat?
|
Anticonvulsant
Bipolar Disorder |
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What type of drug is Lamictal? What disorder is it used to treat?
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Anticonvulsant
Bipolar Disorder |
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What type of drug is Topomax? What disorder is it used to treat?
|
Anticonvulsant
Bipolar Disorder |
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Why are Anticonvulsants used to treat Bipolar Disorder?
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They are used to stabilize moods.
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What types of drugs are used to treat Panic Disorder w/ or w/o Agoraphobia?
|
TCA's
MAOI's Alprazolam (Xanax) SSRI's |
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What types of drugs are used to Tx OCD?
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TCA's (clomipramine/Anafranil)
MAOI's SSRI's (fluvoxamine/Luvox & sertraline/Zoloft) |
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What types of drugs are used to Tx Specific Phobia & Social Phobia?
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Beta Blockers (propanolol)
-tx stage fright Paxil- for social phobia |
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What the main classes of drugs are used to Tx GAD?
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Benzodiazepines
Anxiolytic Drugs(Minor Tranqs) Antipsychotics Buspirone(Buspar) |
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What are the anxiolytic drugs used to treat GAD?
|
Barbituates
Methaqualone (Quaaludes, Sopors) Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) Meprobamate (Miltown) |
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What are the three main drug classes used to induce sleep (hypnotic drugs)?
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Benzodiazepines
Barbituates Antidepressant |
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Why are Benzodiazepines used to Tx GAD over barbituates?
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Safer
More effective Less abuse potential |
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Name 4 Benzo's commonly used as anxiolytics.
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diazepam (Valium)
chlordiazepoxide (Librium) lorazepam (Ativan) clorazepate (Tranxene) |
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What are Benzo's useful in treating?
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Symptoms of GAD
Managing seizures in patients detoxing from alcohol & depressant drugs. |
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What are some issues to consider when treating with Benzo's?
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Chronic vs. PRN Tx
Relapse vs. w/drawal symptoms after meds are stopped Abuse liability Difficulty stopping use Overuse |
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What drug is used most often in overdoses?
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Benzodiazepines
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What are the side effects of Benzo's?
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Impaired muscle coordination (psychomotor fxn)
Impairment of short-term memory (Anterograde memory) |
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What class of drugs are prescribed for hyperactivity in kids?
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Psychostimulants
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What type of drug is Ritalin? What is it typically used to treat?
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Methylphenidate
Psychostimulant Hyperactivity in Kids |
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What type of drug is Adderall? What is it typically used to treat?
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Amphetamine
Psychostimulant Hyperactivity in Kids |
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What type of drug is Cylert? What is it typically used to treat?
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Pemoline
Psychostimulant Hyperactivity in Kids |
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What are side effects of Psychostimulants (drugs used to Tx hyperactivity in kids)?
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Insomnia
Decreased appetite Stomachaches Headaches Jitteriness |
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What drugs are used most frequently in the Tx of Schizophrenia?
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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If a patient is noncompliant w/ their Typical Antipsychotic meds what can be done to increase compliance?
|
A deconoate form that can be injected 1x every 2-4 weeks.
Esp. haloperidol (Haldol) & fluphenazine (Prolixin). |
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What are Phenothiazine derivatives?
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Typical Antipsychotics
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|
What target symptoms are most likely to respond to Typical Antipsychotics?
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Positive Symptoms
Agitation Hallucinations Delusions Combativeness & Belligerance Sleep Disturbance Tension Paranoid Behavior Disorganized |
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What target symptoms are least likely to respond to Typical Antipsychotics?
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Negative Symptoms
Impaired judgment Lack of insight Depression Withdrawal Poor Motivation |
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What side effects are associated with TCA's?
|
*Autonomic, anticholinergic
*Cardiovascular- hypotension, tachycardia, change in EKG arrhythmias *Precipitation of hypomania in rapid cycling bipolar |
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What are Anticholinergic side effects?
|
Dry mouth
Blurred vision Constipation Urinary incontinence or retention Sweating Heat sensitivity |
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Name the 7 steps in the Problem-solving process w/in the social work process.
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EGAGIET
Engagement Gathering information Assessing/Diagnosis Goal Setting Intervention Evaluation Termination |
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What are the 6 stages in the referral process?
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1. Clarify need or purpose
2. Research resources 3. Discuss/select options w/ client 4. Plan for initial contact 5. Initial contact 6. F/U to make sure need was met. |
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Throughout all types of social work fields and processes what must ALWAYS be kept in mind?
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The client's right to SELF DETERMINATION.
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|
Validity
|
The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure.
|
A method can be reliable, consistently measuring the same thing, but not valid.
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|
Variable
|
Observable characteristics that vary among individuals.
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|
What does "Treatment" mean in research?
|
The stimulus given to a dependent variable.
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|
t-test
|
A statistical test. A t-test is used to determine if the scores of two groups differ on a single variable. For instance, to determine whether writing ability differs among students in two classrooms, a t-test could be used.
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|
Survey
|
A research tool that includes at least one question which is either open-ended or close-ended and employs an oral or written method for asking these questions. The goal of a survey is to gain specific information about either a specific group or a representative sample of a particular group. Results are typically used to understand the attitudes, beliefs, or knowledge of a particular group.
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|
|
Standard Error of the mean
|
A term used in statistical analysis. A computed value based on the size of the sample and the standard deviation of the distribution, indicating the range within which the mean of the population is likely to be from the mean of the sample at a given level of probability
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|
Standard Deviation
|
A term used in statistical analysis. A measure of variation that indicates the typical distance between the scores of a distribution and the mean;
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|
Skewed distribution
|
Any distribution which is not normal, that is not symmetrical along the x-axis
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|
Sample
|
The population researched in a particular study. Usually, attempts are made to select a "sample population" that is considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or transferred. In studies that use inferential statistics to analyze results or which are designed to be generalizable, sample size is critical--generally the larger the number in the sample, the higher the likelihood of a representative distribution of the population.
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Sampling Error
|
The degree to which the results from the sample deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population, because of random error in the selection of respondent
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|
Reliability
|
The extent to which a measure, procedure or instrument yields the same result on repeated trials.
|
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|
Range
|
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
|
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|
Randomization
|
Used to allocate subjects to experimental and control groups. The subjects are initially considered not unequal because they were randomly selected.
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|
Quasi-Experiment
|
Similar to true experiments. Have subjects, treatment, etc., but uses nonrandomized groups. Incorporates interpretation and transferability in order to compensate for lack of control of variables.
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Quantitative Research
|
Empirical research in which the researcher explores relationships using numeric data. Survey is generally considered a form of quantitative research. Results can often be generalized, though this is not always the case.
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|
Qualitative Research
|
Empirical research in which the researcher explores relationships using textual, rather than quantitative data. Case study, observation, and ethnography are considered forms of qualitative research. Results are not usually considered generalizable, but are often transferable.
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Probability
|
The chance that a phenomenon has a of occurring randomly. As a statistical measure, it shown as p (the "p" factor).
|
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Population
|
The target group under investigation, as in all students enrolled in first-year composition courses taught in traditional classrooms. The population is the entire set under consideration. Samples are drawn from populations.
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Mode
|
The most frequent score in a distribution
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Median
|
The center score in a distribution.
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Mean
|
The average score within a distribution.
|
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Interrater Reliability
|
The extent to which two or more individuals agree. It addresses the consistency of the implementation of a rating system.
|
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Internal Consistency
|
The extent to which all questions or items assess the same characteristic, skill, or quality.
|
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|
Generalizability
|
The extent to which research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population can be applied to the population at large.
|
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Distribution
|
The range of values of a particular variable.
|
|
|
Dependent Variable
|
A variable that receives stimulus and measured for the effect the treatment has had upon it.
|
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|
Independent Variable
|
A variable that is part of the situation that exist from which originates the stimulus given to a dependent variable. Includes treatment, state of variable, such as age, size, weight, etc.
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Correlation
|
A common statistical analysis, usually abbreviated as r, that measures the degree of relationship (non causal) between pairs of interval variables in a sample. The range of correlation is from -1.00 to zero to +1.00.
|
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Control Group
|
A group in an experiment that receives not treatment in order to compare the treated group against a norm.
|
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|
Case Study
|
The collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.
|
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|
Internal validity
|
did the experimental tx make a difference. Did one thing cause another?
|
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External validity
|
can results be generalized
|
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|
Content validity
|
ex: how well does the Beck depression inventory measure depression
|
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|
Construct validity
|
to what extent explanatory concepts or qualities account for performance
|
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|
Predictive validity
|
to what degree does variation in test scores predict variation on another measure. Does IQ predict grades.
|
|
|
Face validity
|
Does the test focus directly on the behavior we are interested in?
|
|
|
Inferential statistical tests
|
ANOVA, t-test, chi square
|
|