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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Muscular Tissue
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Most skeletal muscle tissue move?
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Bone
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With skeletal muscle tissue it has alternating light & dark bands when examined with a microscope?
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Striated
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Is skeletal muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
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Voluntary (consciously controlled)
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Cardiac muscle tissue is located where?
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Heart
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Cardiac muscle tissue has alternating light & dark bands when examined with a microscope?
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Striated
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Is cardiac muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
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Involuntary (not consciously controlled)
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With cardiac muscle tissue,self-excitable by "pacemaker" is called?
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Auto- Rhythmic;
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Smooth muscle tissue are located in walls of _____structures, like blood vessles, airways, and many _____?
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-Hollow
-Organs |
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Are smooth muscle tissue striated or non-striated?
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Non-Striated
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Are smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
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Involuntary
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What are the muscle tissue functions?
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– Produces Body Movements
– Stabilizes Body Positions (posture) – Move Substances within Body (heart pumps blood) – Generates Heat (shivering increases heat production) |
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4 muscle tissue properties?
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– Electrical Excitability
– Contractility – Extensibility – Elasticity |
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Ability to respond to stimuli?
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Electrical Excitability
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Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated?
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Contractility
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Ability to stretch without being damaged?
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Extensibility
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Ability to return to their original length?
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Elasticity
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What are the connective tissue components?
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– Fascia
– Tendon – Aponeurosis |
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Sheet of connective tissue that surrounds muscles?
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Fascia
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What are the 3 layers that extend from fascia?
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– Epimysium
– Perimysium – Endomysium |
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Which fascia layer is the outermost layer that encircles the entire muscle?
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Epimysium
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Which fascia layer is the middle layer and surrounds bundles (fascicles) of muscle fibers?
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Perimysium
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Which fascia layer is the innermost layer that separates individual muscle fibers?
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Endomysium
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Which connective tissue component attaches muscle to bone?
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Tendon
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Which connective tissue component is a flat sheet-like tendon?
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Aponeurosis
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Skeletal muscles are well supplied with_____&_____ _____?
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– Nerves
– Blood Vessels |
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With skeletal muscle tissue, when you have a muscle contraction it requires large amounts of _____&_____?
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– ATP
– Nutrients |
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With nerve and blood supply in skeletal muscle tissue each muscle fiber is in close contact with a neuron known as the_____ _____?
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Neuromuscular Junction
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With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, a muscle fiber (cell) is known as a?
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Myofiber
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With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, a myofibrillar consist of many smaller muscle fibers known as?
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Myofibrils
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With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue, Myofibrils consist of the smallest muscle fibers known as?
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Myofilaments (thick& thin)
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With microscopic anatomy and skeletal muscle tissue these are the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of muscle cell?
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Sarcolemma & Sarcoplasm
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With microscopic anatomy in skeletal muscle tissue this stores calcium for muscle contraction?
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is functional units of striated muscle (cardiac and skeletal) alternating light and dark areas formed by patterns of myrofilaments?
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Sarcomeres
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With myrofibril and myrofilaments this separate sarcomeres and forms boundaries?
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Z Disc
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With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the darker middle area of sarcomere and thick and thin filaments overlap?
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A Band
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With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the lighter area that contains only thin filaments and where Z discs passed through the center?
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I Band
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With myrofibril and myrofilaments this is the center of each A band and contains only thick filaments?
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H Zone
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With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism has myosin heads of_____filaments that attach to and pull on actin myosin binding sites of_____filaments?
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– Thick
– Thin |
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With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism is where Z discs come closer together causing_____filaments to_____over thick filaments toward center of sarcomere?
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– Thin
– Slide |
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With contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, the sliding filament mechanism leads to_____of the entire muscle?
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Shortening
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Name the 4 parts of the thick and thin myofilaments?
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– Thick Myofilaments
– Thin Myofilaments – Contractile Proteins – Regulatory Proteins |
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With thick and thin myofilaments this is composed of many myosin molecules?
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Thick Myofilaments
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With thick and thin myofilaments this is composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin?
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Thin Myofilaments
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With thick and thin myofilaments this is myosin (pulls) & actin (pulled)?
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Contractile Proteins
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With thick and thin myofilaments this is troponin in tropomyosin?
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Regulatory Proteins
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With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, an enlargement of existing muscle fibers is where muscle growth occurs by?
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Hypertrophy
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With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, this is a wasting away of muscles, disuse and denervation?
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Atrophy
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With muscular hypertrophy and atrophy, this is a group of inherited muscle destroying diseases?
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Muscular Dystrophy
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Muscular dystrophy is a sex linked trait and is most common in?
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Males
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The point of communication (synapse) between neurons and muscle fiber?
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Neuromuscular Junction
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With neuromuscular junction this is communication between a neuron and an effector (muscle fiber or another neuron)?
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Synapse
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With neuromuscular junction this is a gap between cells?
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Synaptic Cleft
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With neuromuscular junction this is where chemicals are released and relays the message to effector?
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Neurotransmitters
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With neuromuscular junction this has sacs containing neurotransmitters?
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Synaptic Vesicles
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With neuromuscular junctions this is the region of sarcolelemma that contains neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) receptors?
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Motor End Plate
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With neuromuscular junction, nerve impulses produce muscle action potentials by?
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– Releasing Acetylchlorine (neurotransmitter)
– Activates ACh Receptors – Produces a Muscle Action Potential (MAP) – Termination of ACh Activity |
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Which muscle action potential is where nerve impulses trigger synaptic vesicles to release ACh into synaptic cleft?
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Releasing Acetylchlorine
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Which muscle action potential is binding of ACh 2 receptor on motor end plate and opens sodium ion channels (Na+ flows inside of muscle cell)?
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Activates ACh Receptors
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Which muscle action potential is where inflow of Na+ makes the inside of muscle fiber more positively charged, triggering a muscle action potential?
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Produces a Muscle Action Potential (MAP)
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Map travels to_____releasing stored Ca2+?
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SR
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Which muscle action potential is where ACh effects last briefly and is rapidly broken down by enzyme?
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Termination of ACh Activity
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Nerve impulses trigger Ca++ release from SR into_____?
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Sarcoplasm
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Increased Ca++ levels in sarcoplasm_____contraction?
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Starts
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Ca++ binds to_____on thin filaments, exposing actin myosin_____ _____allowing cross bridges to form?
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– Troponin
– Binding Sites |
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SR contains Ca++_____that return Ca++ back to SR decreasing_____levels in sarcoplasm?
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– Pumps
– Calcium |
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As Ca++ levels in sarcoplasm_____, myosin binding sites are covered and muscle relaxes?
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Decrease
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Contraction cycle consists of 4 steps?
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– ATP Hydrolysis (breakdown)
– Formation of Cross Bridges – Power Stroke (contraction) – Detachment of Myosin from Actin |
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Which step of the contraction cycle is where breakdown of ATP energizes myosin head?
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ATP Hydrolysis (breakdown)
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Which step of the contraction cycle is where myosin head attaches to actin myosin binding sites?
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Formation of Cross Bridges
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Which step of the contraction cycle is where myosin cross bridges pull actin, sliding thin myofilaments toward center of sarcomere?
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Power Stroke (contraction)
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Which step of the contraction cycle is where ATP binds to myosin head, detaching myosin head from actin?
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Detachment of Myosin from Actin
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With the detachment of myosin from actin, the contraction cycle repeats as long as_____is available and Ca2+ levels are significantly_____?
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– ATP
– High |
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With detachment of myosin from actin, repeated cycles_____sarcomere further?
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Shortens
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With production of ATP in muscle fibers, a huge amount of ATP is needed to power the_____ cycle, and pump _____into the SR?
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– Contraction
– Ca2+ |
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The amount of ATP inside muscle fibers powers contraction for only a?
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Few Seconds
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Muscle fibers replenish ATP by 3 methods?
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– Creatine Phosphate
– Anaerobic – Aerobic |
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When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is unique to muscle fibers, and lasts 15 seconds?
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Creatine Phosphate
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When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is where cellular respiration forms lactic acid (strength training)?
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Anaerobic (without oxygen)
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When muscle fibers replenish ATP which method is where cellular respiration forms the most ATP (endurance training)?
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Aerobic (with oxygen)
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Inability of muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity?
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Muscle Fatigue
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A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be inadequate release of_____ions from SR?
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Calcium
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A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be depletion of_____ _____?
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Creatine Phosphate
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A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be insignificant_____?
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Oxygen
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A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be depletion of_____and other nutrients?
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Glycogen
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A factor that contributes to muscle fatigue would be buildup of_____ _____?
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Lactic Acid
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The_____force of muscle contraction varies?
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Tension
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Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the_____of motor units activated?
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Number
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Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the_____of nerve impulses (stimulation)?
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Frequency
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Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the amount of myofilaments _____ before contraction?
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Overlap
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Maximal tension (force/shortening) depends on the nutrients and _____ availability?
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Oxygen
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A brief contraction (single pull) of all muscle fibers within a motor unit in response one nerve impulse is what?
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Twitch
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A twitch consist of a _____(____), contraction and relaxation period?
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Latent (delay)
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This consist of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates?
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Motor Unit (light switch)
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Precise muscle movements consist of many_____motor units, like vocal cords (1 neuron: _____ muscle fibers)
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– Small
– Few |
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Large powerful muscle movements consist of_____motor units, like hamstrings (1 neuron: _____ muscle fibers)
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– Large
– Many |
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The total strength (force) of a contraction depends on the_____&_____of motor units activated (turned on)?
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– Size & Number
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A myogram of twitch contraction has 3 periods?
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– Latent Period
– Contraction Period – Relaxation Period |
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With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is a brief delay between stimulus and contraction; Ca++ levels increase in sarcoplasm?
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Latent Period
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With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is where cross bridges form "power stroke"?
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Contraction Period
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With a myogram of twitch contraction which period is where Ca++ levels decrease in sarcoplasm covering myosin binding sites; myosin heads detach from actin?
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Relaxation Period
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With frequency of nerve impulses this produces larger contractions when nerve impulses occur one after the other; calcium levels increase in sarcoplasm with each nerve impulse?
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Wave Summation
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With frequency of nerve impulses this results in a wavering contraction when a muscle partially relaxes between nerve impulses such as during fatigue?
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Unfused Tetanus
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With frequency of nerve impulses this results in a sustained (normal) contraction when a muscle does not relax between nerve impulses?
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Fused Tetanus
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With types of skeletal muscle fibers, muscle fibers contract at different speeds and vary how quickly they_____?
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Fatigue
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3 main types of skeletal muscle fibers?
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– Slow Oxidative Fibers
– Fast Oxidative – Glycolytic Fibers – Fast Glycolytic Fibers |
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Which type of skeletal muscle fibers is the least powerful type of muscle fiber and generates ATP mainly by aerobic methods?
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Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
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Which type of skeletal muscle fibers has the slowest speed of contraction and the highest resistance to fatigue?
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Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
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Slow oxidative fibers (SO fibers) are capable of_____, sustained contractions, and is most abundant in_____muscles?
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– Prolonged
– Postural |
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Slow oxidative fibers (SO fibers) are adapted for maintaining posture (anatomical position)&_____ –_____activities?
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Endurance – Type
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Which type skeletal muscle fiber generate ATP by aerobic and anaerobic methods, and has intermediate resistance to fatigue?
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Fast Oxidative – Glycolytic Fibers (FOG)
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With fast oxidative – glycolytic fibers (FOG) the speed of contraction is_____, and are most abundant in_____ _____muscles?
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– Faster
– Lower Limb |
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Fast oxidative – glycolytic fibers (FOG) contribute to activities such as_____&_____?
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Walking & Sprinting
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Which type of skeletal muscle fiber has the most powerful type of muscle fibers and generate ATP by anaerobic method?
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Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)
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Fast glycolytic fibers (FG fibers) contract _____ and have the _____resistance to fatigue?
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-Fastest
-Lowest |
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Fast glycolytic fibers (FG fibers) is most abundant in _____ _____ muscles, and is adapted for intense _____ training activities of short duration like _____ _____?
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-Upper Limb
-Strength -Weight Lifting |
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With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, most muscles are a mixture of_____ _____types of muscle fibers?
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All 3
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With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, skeletal muscles of any given_____ _____are all the_____type?
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– Motor Unit
– Same |
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With distribution and recruitment of different types of fibers, proportions vary depending on_____action, persons training regiment, and_____factors?
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– Muscle
– Genetic |
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2 types of contractions?
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– Isometric Contraction
– Isotonic Contraction |
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Tensions generated is not enough for object to be moved and muscle does not change it's length is what type of contraction?
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Isometric Contraction
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Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm is what type of contraction?
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Isometric Contraction
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Isometric contraction_____to isotonic contraction?
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Leads
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Muscle changes length producing movements like picking up a book off the table is what type of contraction?
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Isotonic Contraction
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2 types of isotonic contraction?
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– Concentric Contractions (flexion)
– Eccentric Contractions (extension) |
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Muscle spasms are_____contractions of muscles?
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Involuntary
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A cramp is a painful_____contraction?
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Spasmodic
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Muscle spasms_____blood vessels_____blood flow?
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– Shorten
– Reducing |
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Massage can_____or_____severity of muscle spasms?
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– Eliminate
– Reduce |
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With muscle spasms, massage_____blood flow and resets_____ _____in area?
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– Increases
– Muscle Tone |
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With exercise and skeletal muscle tissue ratio of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative fibers are_____determined?
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Genetically
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With exercise and skeletal muscle tissue various types of exercises can_____muscle fibers?
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Transform
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Aerobic exercises transforms some _____ fibers into _____ fibers; endurance training?
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– Fast Glycolytic (FG)
– Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) |
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Anaerobic exercises increase size of _____fibers by hypertrophy; strength training?
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Fast Glycolytic (FG)
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Cardiac muscle tissue has _____ fibers?
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Branched
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With cardiac muscle tissue _____ _____ connects fibers?
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Intercalated Discs
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Cardiac muscle tissue has _____muscle fibers " pacemaker"?
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Autorhythmic
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Smooth muscle tissue is _____ shaped; thickest in middle and tapered ends?
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Spindle
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2 types of smooth muscle tissue?
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– Single Unit (visceral)
– Multiunit |
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Smooth muscle tissue regeneration is _____ compared to other muscle tissues?
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Considerable
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With aging and muscular tissue it has progressive loss of skeletal muscle_____?
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Mass
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With aging and muscular tissue it _____ in maximal strength?
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Decreases
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With aging and muscular tissue you have slowing of muscle_____?
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Reflexes
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With aging in muscular tissue you have loss of_____?
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Flexibility
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With aging in muscular tissue the number of _____ _____ fibers increase?
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Slow Oxidative (SO)
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With aging and muscular tissue aerobic activities and strength training can slow _____ in muscular performance?
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Decline
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Increased muscle tone?
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Hypertonia
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Decreased muscle tone?
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Hypotonia
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Pain associated with muscles?
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Myalgia
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Tearing of muscle accompanied by bleeding and severe pain?
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Muscle Strain (pulled muscle)
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