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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrition
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sum of all interactions between an organism & the food it consumes
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Nutrients
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organic & inorganic substances found in foods & are required for body functioning
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energy-providing nutrients
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Carbs, fats, proteins
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Carbs are composed of the elements:
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carbon(C), hydrogen(H), oxygen(O)
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Carbs are two basic kinds
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simple (sugars)
complex (starches & fiber) |
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Sugars
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-simplest of all carbs
-water soluble -produced naturally by plants & animals |
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sugars may be:
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monosaccharides (single molecule)
disaccharides (double molecule) |
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3 monosaccharides:
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-glucose (most abbundant)
-fructose -galctose |
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Starches:
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-insoluble, nonsweet forms of carbs
-polysaccharide(branch chains of dozens of glucose molecules) |
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Fiber:
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-complex carb derived from plants
-cannot be digested by humans -present in outer layer of grains, bran, pulp of many fruits and vegs |
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Major enzymes of carb digestion:
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-ptyalin (salivary amylase)
-pancreatic amylase the disaccharides: maltase, sucrase & lactase |
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Enzymes
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biologic catalysts that speed up chemical reations
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Carbs are stored as:
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-glycogen
-fat |
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Glycogen
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large polymer of glucose
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glycogenesis
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glycogen formation
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Protein
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organic substance composed of amino acids
contains (C), (H), (O) and (N) |
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Essential amino acids
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cannot be manufactured by the body
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Nine essential amino acids
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threonine, leucine, isoeucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine
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Arginine
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appears to have role in immune system
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Nonessential amino acids
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body can manufacture
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Ten nonessential amino acids
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glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, hydroxyproline, cystine, tyrosine, serine
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Complete proteins
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contain all essential amino acids include:
most animal-meats, poultry, fish, diary products & eggs |
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Incomplete proteins
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lack one or more essential amino acis ( most commonly lysine, methionine or tryptophan)
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Complementary proteins
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combination of two of more vegetables make complete protein
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Protein metabolism include thre activities
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-anabolism(building tissue)
-catabolism(breking down tissue) -nitrogen balance |
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Lipids
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organic substances that are greasy & insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
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Fats
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lipids solid at room temp
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Oils
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lipids liquid at room temp
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Fatty acids
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made up of carbon chains & hydrogen and are basic structure unit of most lipids
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Saturated fatty acids
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carbon atoms are filled to capacity with hydrogen
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Unsaturated fatty acid
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could accomadate more hydrogen atoms. It has at least two carbon atoms that are not attached to a hydrogen atom
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Monosaturated fatty acids
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fatty acid with one double bond of carbon
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid
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more than one carbon double bond( or many carbons not bonded to a hydrogen atom)
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Lipids are clssified as
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simple and compound
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Glycerides
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simple lipid and most common form
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Triglyceride
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has 3 fatty acids, account for more than 90% of the lipids in food and in the body
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Cholesterol
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fatlike substance produced by both the body and found in foods of animal origin
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Cholesterol is needed for
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create bile acids and to synthesize steriod hormones
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Lipoproteins
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made up of various lipids and proteins
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Vitamin
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organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body & is needed in small quanities to catalyze metabolic processes
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Water-soluble vitamins
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C,B-complex vitamins:B1(thiamine),B2(riboflavin), B3(Niacin), B6(pyridoxine, B9(floic acid, B12(cobalamin, pantothenic acid & biotin
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Fat-soluble vitamins
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A,D,E & K
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Minerals
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found in organic compound, as inorganic compounds, and as free ions
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Calcium and phophorus make up
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80% of all mineral elements in the body
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Macrominerals-amount
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those required daily by people in amounts over 100mg,
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Macrominerals
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calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, sulfur
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Microminerals-amount
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less than 100mg
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Microminerals
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iron, zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride, copper, cobalt, chromium, selenium
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Caloric value
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amount of energy that nutrients or food supply to the body
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Large calorie
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amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water 15 to 16 degrees Celsius
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Energy liberated from metabolism
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Carb- 4 cal
Protein- 4 cal Fat- 9 cal Alcohol- 7 cal |
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Metabolism
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refders to all biochemical & physiologic processes by which the body grows and maintians itself
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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rate at which the body metabolizes food to maintian energy requirements of a person awake and at rest
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Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)
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amount of energy required to maintain basic body functions
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Gallstones
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can block flow of bile, common cause of lipid digestion
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Diseases of the Pancreas
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can affect glucose metabolism or fat digestion
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Lactose intolerance
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30 to 50 million Americans
75% of African Americans & American Indians 90% of Asian Americans |