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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Law of conservation of energy |
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed - energy can only be moved or changed from one form to another |
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Types of energy |
- kinetic - potential - heat - chemical |
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Kinetic energy |
Energy needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to a specified velocity |
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Potential energy |
Energy that is stored within an object, not in motion but capable of becoming active |
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Heat energy |
Amount of energy that has to be transferred to or from one unit of mass (kilogram) or amount of substance (mole) to change the system temperature by one degree |
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Chemical energy |
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules) |
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Energy |
How much potential a physical system has to generate change within another system |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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Carbohydrates |
- Rapid, readily available source of energy - 3 forms |
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Forms of carbs |
- monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides |
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Monosaccharides |
Glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Disaccharides |
Maltose, sucrose |
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Polysaccharides |
Starch, cellulose, glycogen |
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Glucose |
- only form of carb that can be directly metabolized to obtain energy - storage unit for energy (stored in liver or muscle tissues as glycogen) tissues as glycogen) |
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Fructose & Galactose |
Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) - Monosaccharides - must be absorbed in the GI tract and converted to glucose by the liver then can be utilized for energy. |
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Disaccharides |
- maltose - sucrose |
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Glucose + Glucose = |
Maltose + H2O |
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Glucose + Fructose = |
Sucrose + H2O |
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Polysaccharides |
- 3 - 100 monosaccharides chemically bonded together - starch - cellulose |
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Starch |
- polysaccharide - digestible, absorbed and store as glycogen - found in bread/grains |
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Cellulose |
- polysaccharide - Indigestible fiber |
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Glycogen |
- Polysaccharide form of glucose - Storage form of glucose in animals- 90% is in liver- also in cardiac and skeletal muscle- not found in plants |
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Glycogenolysis |
- breaking down glycogen - catabolic pathway (releases energy) - predominates during fasting |
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Glycogenesis |
- forming of glycogen - anabolic pathway (consumes energy) - predominates after eating - activated when glucose levels are elevated - hormonally controlled by insulin |
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Fats |
- can be mobilized for energy - found in both plant & animal food sources |
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Important types of fats for metabolism |
Triglycerides and Fatty Acids |
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Fatty acids |
- even number of 4 to 24 carbon atoms - saturation status is determined by the hydrogen atom content and number of double bonds |
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Essential fatty acids can only be obtained through |
- food - Essential fatty acids are a necessary part of bioenergetics |
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Unsaturated fatty acids |
- at least one double bonded carbon - oleic and linoleic acids - found in most vegetable oils and Fatty fish - "good" fat/ positive health benefits |
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Monounsaturated fats |
- only one double bonded carbon |
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Polyunsaturated fats |
More than one double bonded carbon |
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Saturated Fats |
- carbon atoms linked only by single bonds; as a result carbon is "saturated" by hydrogen - found in most animal fat - should be consumed at moderate levels to maintain health - steric acid |
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Trans Fats |
- unsaturated fats which have been artificially saturated with hydrogen to extend their shelf life - "fake fats" - their chemical shape is most like saturated fats - found in high levels in processed foods (fried foods) - linked to high cholesterol levels so shoukd be avoided |
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Triglycerides |
- cellular storage form of metabolized fats from foods • 90% fat cells • 10% other tissues - three (tri-) fatty acids + glycerol molecule |
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Lypolysis |
- breaking down of triglycerides when the body needs energy needs energy |
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Which enzyme activates lypolysis? |
- hormone sensitive lipase |
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Which hormones stimulate lypolysis? |
- Catecholamines - growth hormones |
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Amino acids |
- Carbon based molecules with • carboxyl side group • amino side group • unique side chain - 20 total AA |
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How many Essential Amino Acids are there? |
Nine - must be ingested from food |
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How many nonessential amino acids are there? |
Eleven - can be produced by the body |
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Name the essential amino acids |
Histidine Lysine Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Tryptophan Leucine Phenylalanine Valine |
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What are Enzymes made of? |
- specialized proteins and may require co-factors |
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What are the functions of enzymes? |
- lower activation energy for most metabolic reactions = catalysts - decrease energy consumption in anabolic reactions - increases energy yield in catabolic reactions - regulate rate of metabolic reactions |
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ATP |
- adenosine Triphosphate - energy is stored within its chemical bonds - human energy currency - produced by the breakdown of consumed food sources |
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Hydrolysis of ATP ________ |
Releases free energy This constantly occurs in our bodies |
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Endergonic |
- anabolic reaction - Forming ATP requires energy |
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Exergonic |
- breakdown of ATP releases energy |
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Concentration changes in _____ directly change pH. |
Hydrogen |
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Normal blood glucose |
70 - 120 mg/dL |