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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
--- Function of Amphibian Blastocoel ---
1) Space for *** 2) Prevents *** *** of cells |
1) gastrulation
2) premature interaction |
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1) *** embryos used first in experimental embryology....
2) these embryos have *** cells and *** development 3) making them great for *** experiments. |
1) Amphibian
2) large --- rapid 3) transplantation |
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--- Mesolecithal: RADIAL Holoblastic ---
1) 1st cleavage begins at ___ and extends... 2) downwards being impeded by ***. |
1) animal pole
2) yolk |
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--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
Two major embryonic regions formed 1) rapidly dividing *** 2) slowly dividing *** 3) Cause *** holoblastic *** |
1) micromeres
2) macromeres 3) uneven holoblastic cleavage |
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Vegetal cells influence adjacent cells to become ***.
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mesodermal
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1) *** is important to blastocoel formation.
2) If it is not present the blastocoel... |
1) EP-cadherin
2) will not form |
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--- Frog Gastrulation ---
1) *** arise from interior layers. 2) *** arise from superficial layers. |
1) mesoderm
2) ectoderm & endoderm |
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***: Cell movement during *** causing thinning and spreading of cell layers.
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Epiboly
gastrulation |
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***: Moderate amount of vegetal yolk w/gradient.
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Mesolecithal
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--- Blastulation Cleavage rates ---
1) Animal pole: # mm/min 2) Vegetal pole: # mm/min |
1) 1
2) 0.03 |
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--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
1) Macromeres form at *** pole 2) during # cleavage |
1) vegetal
2) 3rd |
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--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
1) Micromeres form at *** pole 2) during # cleavage |
1) animal
2) 3rd |
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***: Forms on side opposite to sperm penetration.
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gray crescent region
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--- Sea Urchin AND Animal ---
1) (pre)*** *** cells in BOTH 2) invaginate into *** ***. 3) However, the *** differs. |
1) prospective --- endodermal
2) dorsal blastopore 3) location |
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--- Sea Urchin Dorsal Blastopore Lip ---
1) Formation process? 2) Location? |
1) Invagination
2) Vegetal pole |
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--- Animal Dorsal Blastopore Lip ---
1) Formation process? 2) Location? |
1) Invagination
2) Marginal zone |
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--- Animal-Vegetal Axis ---
1) Animal Pole forms *** tissues. 2) Vegetal Pole forms *** tissues. 3) Axis is established... |
1) Animal - "Ectoderm"
2) Vegetal - "Gut & associated organs" 3) before fertilization |
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--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cyotplasm --
1) *** cytoplasm rotates *** *** 2) to the *** cytoplasm. |
1) Cortical --- 30° relative
2) internal |
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--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cytoplasm ---
1) Initiates *** 2) Establishes *** of >>> 3) *** and **** |
1) Gastrulation
2) axes 3) Anterior/Posterior and Dorsal/Ventral |
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--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cytoplasm ---
1) Site of Sperm Entry = *** Side 2) Site Opposite = *** Side |
1) Ventral
2) Dorsal |
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--- Factors Initiating Gastrulation ---
--- AMPHIBIANS --- 1) Come from *** *** cells. 2) Rather than *** *** cells. |
1) dorsal vegetal
2) gray crescent |
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--- Xenopus ---
1) What is it? 2) What does it mean in Greek? |
1) Sub-Saharan frogs
2) xeno=strange pous=foot |
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--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
Ectoderm epibolizes by... 1) *** *** and... 2) *** of previously *** *** |
1) cellular division
2) integration --- independent layers |
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--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
1) Transformation of *** cells into ***(type) cells 2) helps them *** into the *** *** forming new blastopore. 3) *** of marginal cells past dorsal *** *** 4) begins formation of ***. |
1) endodermal --- bottle
2) invaginate --- marginal zone 3) Involution --- blastopore lip 4) archenteron |
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--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
- FINAL RESULT - 1) Proper *** of the... 2) # *** layers required for further differentiation. |
1) positioning
2) three germ |
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1) *** was the 1st vertebrate studied w/intensive mutagenesis. Why???
2) Why? *** & *** development! Tad-pole like vertebrate w/in # ***. 3) Efficient screening of developmental *** ***. 4) Leading to the discovery of *** of genes important in ***. |
1) Zebrafish
2) rapid --- open --- 24 hours 3) stage defect 4) thousands --- development |
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--- Study of Zebrafish Mutagenesis ---
Why? 1) Embryo develops in the *** 2) making *** *** screening efficient |
1) open
2) stage defect |
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
Animal pole undergoes 1) meroblastic *** cleavage 2) resulting in the formation of a *** |
1) discoidal
2) blastodisc |
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The *** is favorite for studying vertebrate development.
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Zebrafish
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) Blastoderm movement during *** is powered by... 2) the tight attachment between outer *** layer... 3) inner *** *** layer. |
1) epiboly
2) envelope layer 3) yolk syncytial layer |
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) *** extension of blastoderm brings 2) hypoblast & epiblast to the *** side 3) to form the *** *** |
1) Convergent
2) dorsal 3) embyronic shield |
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) *** of embryonic shield cells... 2) cause the extension of *** cells... 3) toward the.... |
1) intercalation
2) chordamesoderm 3) animal pole |
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) notocord cells expressing *** gene... 2) *** by cells expressing *** gene which... 3) differentiate into *** *** |
1) no tail
2) flanked --- snail gene 3) mesodermal somites |
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--- Chordamesoderm Cells ---
1) Also known as.... 2) express.... |
1) notocord cells
2) no tail gene |
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--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
Convergent extension of chordamesoderm is performed by cells expressing the *** gene |
'no tail'
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Axis determined before fertilization?
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Animal-Vegetal Axis
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***: Infolding of a region of cells during gastrulation.
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Invagination
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***: Inward turning of expanding outer layer cells during gastrulation.
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Involution
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***: Migration of individual cells into cell interior during gastrulation.
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Ingression
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--- Radial Holoblastic - Mesolecithal ---
Micromeres and macromeres 1) at *** cleavage cause 2) *** holoblastic ***. |
1) 3rd
2) unequal --- cleavage |
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1) Endodermal bottle cells ***
2) Marginal cells *** 3) Mesodemal cells *** 4) Ectodermal cells *** |
1) Invaginate
2) Involute 3) Involute 4) Epibolize |
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--- DISTINGUISH ---
1) Invagination is an infolding of... 2) Involution is an infolding of... |
1) a region of cells
2) an expanding outer layers |