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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hard Power |
Guns, missiles, tanks |
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Soft Power |
Ideas (to attract the person on the other side) |
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Multilateral diplomacy |
Multiple states engaging in diplomacy |
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Game Theory |
A tool we use to help understand where there might be conflict any where there be cooperation |
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Zero-Sum |
If someone gains more when you both win, it's like you lost. |
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Positive Sum |
Situations where we all benefit. Look at absolute benefits not relative. |
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Negative Sum |
We try to reduce the amount of losses both incur |
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Assumptions of Game Theory |
-Actors are rational -Actors interact -Set "payoffs" for each outcome |
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Spinoffs |
A benefit that doesn't directly relate to what is made, but has something to do with it. |
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Vertical Proliferation |
You build up nuclear weapons/sophisticated weapons. |
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Horizontal Proliferation |
You give nuclear weapons to other countries |
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Collective Security |
Countries come together for protection |
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What Leads to War? |
-Arms races increase tension -Historical context -Disputes over territory -Shifts in power -Contiguity |
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Anti-Terrorism vs. Counter-Terrorism |
Anti-Terrorism is a defensive approach that you prepare yourself for the inevitable, whereas, counter-terrorism is offensive and a direct attack. |
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Why is interaction between states good? |
It ties all of us together |
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Logic of comparative advantage |
Makes sense to work on what you do better than you would do another thing. You get someone to do a task for you so you can work towards what you're best at. |
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Why do states trade? |
-To maintain relationships |
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World Trade Organization (WTO) |
A collection of states that meet to see what trade rules they all want to play by. They also enforce the rules through sanctions. |
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General Agreements of Tariffs & Trade (GATT) |
Tried to focus on tariffs (taxes on foreign goods). You tax foreign goods to make price more competitive, however, we don't see many tariffs anymore because it makes goods more expensive.
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Subsidies |
A government giving more money to a business to help them to compete better. |
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Normal Trade Relations |
The norm in the international system |
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Remarks about the International Monetary System |
-Requires a medium of exchange *must be accepted by all, hold value, have predictable value, be portable, be a place to store wealth |
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Impact of currency values that fluctuate on.. |
Consumers, particular sectors of the economy (imports/exports), jobs, financial flows (aid, debt, FDI), health of the overall economy. |
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Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) |
Programs to change the structure of an economy. **When an economy is so bad and there is a high debt to the IMF. --SAPs are about liberalization. When you borrow you have to restructure your economy which can and is done form privatization. |
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Economic Colonialism |
When another country is making your economy for you. (Problematic b/c it's like giving sovereignty) |
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Why is war devastating? |
It burns through capital (monetary, physical) |
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How do countries grow or escape debt? |
Foreign aid. Better when the conditions are monitored. |
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IGOs |
International Governmental Organization |
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INGOs |
International Non-Governmental Organizations |
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IOs (IGO,INGO) |
Run on the principle of reciprocity. They are for security, trade, resources. **When shared norms and habits may not suffice to solve international dilemmas, these are the institutions that focus on fixing them. |
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Functionalism |
By cooperating in smaller functional issues you will increase cooperation in bigger issues (ties through interdependence) |
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Transboundary Problems |
Problems that cross borders and require global attention. |
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Civilian supremacy |
The idea that civilian leaders are at the top of the chain of command |
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Civilian-Military Relations |
The interaction of civilians and military leaders |
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Coup D'etat |
When the tension between the civilian leadership and their military force becomes too sharp there will be a blow against the state. |
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Military Governments |
When coups are successful, military forces themselves control of the government |
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International Norms |
The expectations actors hold about international relations (rules on how to act/operate) |
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NGOs happen to be more specialized than IGOs |
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United Nations |
(An IO) Because no one world power can/should perform the function of coordinating the actions of states for mutual benefit, the UN serves this function. |
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Limits on the UN |
State sovereignty limits the power of the UN b/c govs reserve power to themselves and are stingy in delegating it to the UN or anyone else. **Although the UN strengthens world order, it acknowledges the realities of international anarchy and the unwillingness of states to surrender sovereignty. |
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Uses of UN |
-States gain leverage by using the UN to seek more beneficial/outcomes in conflicts. -A forum where states promote their views and bring their disputes -A mechanism for conflict resolution in international security affairs |
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Benefits of the UN |
-International stability that the UN tries to safeguard -Helps countries realize gains from trade and other exchanges -UN is a symbol of international order and global identity |
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The Security Council |
Responsible for maintaining international peace and security and for restoring peace when it breaks down. -Its decisions are binding on all UN member states -Has power to define the existence and nature of a security threat -Structure responses to threats and enforce them -5 permanent members: USA, Britain, France, Russia, and China. |
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International Law |
Derives from tradition and agreements signed by states rather than actions of a legislative branch. |
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Responsibility to Protect (R2P) |
Holds that governments worldwide must act to save civilians from genocide or crimes against humanity perpetrated or allowed by their own goals
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Constructivism |
Interested in how actors define their national interests, threats to those national interests, and their interests' relationship to one another. **Puts IR in the context of broader social relations. **States decide what they want based not only on material need, but also on "social" interaction. |
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Resource Scarcity |
As world population grows, existing shortages will be multiplied. |
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Why are resource scarcities politically important? |
B/c domestic and international political decisions help define scarcities and response to them |
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When does scarcity exist? |
Whenever all claimants to a resource cannot simultaneously have all of that resource they need or want. |
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4 possible ways to allocate the resources when scarcity exists |
-Create a method that increases the supply of a resource -Decrease the demand for these resources by using less -Substitution: substitute the resource by finding alternatives -Emergence of new technologies |
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The contemporary concern w/ war crimes stems from 2 parallel developments. What are they? |
-The assertion that there are universal human rights to which people and groups are entitled and when they're violated are subject to penalty -An interest in some form of international mechanism for dealing w/ violations of these norms |
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The London Agreement |
Document that defined modern war crimes precedent |
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2 major things the London Agreement did. |
-Established the International Military Tribunal as the court that would try alleged war crimes (set the precedent for a formal body) -The agreement established the boundaries of its jurisdiction which have become the standard means for defining war crimes. |
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3 kinds of war crimes the London Agreement defined. |
-Crimes against peace (planning, preparing, initiating, or waging war) -War crimes (violations of laws or customs of war) -Crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, enslavement, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during war) |
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The "whys" of engaging in development |
-The developed world has a moral obligation to assist the process -Spreading the prosperity is in the enlightened self-interests of the developed world |
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Global Warming |
The extent to which the earth's climate is gradually increasing in temperature due to human actions or natural processes |
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The Kyoto Protocol |
Provided the most comprehensive set of regulations and guidelines that had occurred to that point |
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3 factors that make calm, rational debate over the extent and consequences of global warming to conduct |
-The absence of immediate consequences of whether change is occurring -There are abundant scientific disagreements about parameters of the problem and its solution -Almost all projections have, until recently, been sufficiently far in the future to allow considerable disagreement and to discourage resolution |