Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The auditory system is divided into what 2 portions?
|
Central and peripheral
|
|
What does the auditory periphery include?
|
External, middle, inner ear and Cranial Nerve VIII
|
|
What does the external ear include?
|
Pinna and ear canal
|
|
What does the middle ear include?
|
eardrum, three auditory ossicles, middle ear cavities, eustachian tube, and the middle ear muscles (stapedius, tensor tympani)
|
|
What does the inner ear include?
|
bony and membranous labyrinth, cochlea, vestibule (utricle and saccule), and the three semicircular canals
|
|
What does the VIII cranial nerve include?
|
auditory nerve and vestibulocochlear nerve
|
|
The central auditory system includes fiber tracts in the what?
|
low brainstem, midbrain, thalamus, and cortex
|
|
What is the primary auditory cortex? Where is it located?
|
Heschl's gyrus; superior surface of the temporal lobe
|
|
Where are hair cells located?
|
In the organ of Corti
|
|
What does the conductive portion of the auditory system include?
|
outer ear, and the middle ear.
|
|
How does a conductive hearing loss occur?
|
A conductive hearing loss occurs because of damage (i.e., a lesion) to structures in the outer and/or middle ear.
|
|
What does the sensorineural portion of the system include?
|
Sensory portion and neural portion
|
|
What does the sensory portion include?
|
the inner ear (or cochlea, Latin for "snail") which contains the sensory cells (outer and inner hair cells)
|
|
What does the neural portion include?
|
everything more central to the cochlea, which is the
VIII nerve, low brainstem, midbrain, thalamus, and cortex. |
|
What is the neural portion also referred to as?
|
Retrocochlear
|
|
When people refer to "neural" or "retrocochlear," what are they usually referring to?
|
a lesion of the VIII nerve (usually a tumor).
|
|
How is a sensorineural hearing loss caused?
|
caused by damage to the cochlea or any retrocochlear structure, usually hair cells and/or VIII nerve fibers, but mostly by damage to hair cells
|
|
How do a bone conduction and air conduction tests differ?
|
Air conduction tests the whole system: conductive and cochlea; whereas, bone conduction tests only part of the system: cochlea
|
|
A hearing loss by air conduction means a lesion in what?
|
outer ear, middle ear, cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, or central auditory pathways (although hearing loss, or loss of sensitivity to sound, is not usually a symptom of damage to the auditory pathways).
|
|
A hearing loss by bone conduction means a lesion in what?
|
cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, and/or central auditory pathways.
|
|
Comparing air conduction to bone conduction is what?
|
Diagnostic
|
|
What causes congenital hearing loss?
|
genetic disorders and viral infections
|
|
How often do genetic disorders contribute to hearing loss at birth?
|
about half of births
|
|
Which diseases cause hearing loss in early/late childhood?
|
Otitis Media and viral, bacterial meningitis
|
|
Which skull fracture disrupts middle ear structures, with a bleeding tympanum?
|
Longitudinal Skull Fracture
|
|
Which skull fracture damages cochlea, perilymph leaks and profound loss?
|
Transverse Skull Fracture
|
|
Which hearing loss disease cycles of bone-dissolving enzyme causes resorption, then new bone deposition anterior to oval window fixes the stapes?
|
Otosclerosis
|
|
Which hearing loss disease progresses in a series of bouts, with symptom-free intervals ... resulting in fullness/pressure, rushing or roaring tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo?
|
Meniere's Disease
|
|
What is ideopathic, but suspected causes: viral, autoimmune response, microcirculation defect (thrombus or clot, embolism, artery spasm)?
|
Sudden hearing loss
|
|
What attacks myelin sheath of nerve, space-occupying lesion?
|
Vestibular schwannoma
|
|
What is audiology?
|
study of hearing
|
|
Audiologists are trained to do what?
|
evaluate hearing, and treat non-medical aspects of hearing loss.
|
|
What is usually the first activity when evaluating clients?
|
Case History
|
|
What is used to determine if there is hearing loss?
|
audiometry
|
|
What does a case history gather?
|
subjective information and symptoms
|
|
What does otoscopy permit?
|
visualization of the external and middle ear.
|
|
What measures the mobility of the middle ear system?
|
Tympanometry
|
|
What is impacted by ear infections and what does it cause?
|
The middle ear is what is impacted by ear infections which cause an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.
|
|
provides diagnostic information about all the major divisions of the ear (including cochlea, VIII nerve).
|
Acoustic Reflex testing
|
|
What do pure-tone air and bone conduction tests measure our sensitivity to?
|
Pure tones
|
|
How does knowing where the lesion is located help someone?
|
helps to determine what disease might be causing the hearing loss. Knowing what disease is present helps determine appropriate treatment.
|
|
measures how the hearing loss has affected the ability to hear speech.
|
speech reception threshold
|
|
measures how the hearing loss has affected the ability to understand speech.
|
Word recognition/identification testing
|
|
uses noisemakers to detect any observable response to sound.
|
Behavioral Observation Audiometry
|
|
In what test is sound presented? The child's natural response is to turn the head in the direction of the sound. An animated toy reinforces the response.
|
Visual reinforcement audiometry and the conditioned orientation response
|
|
The child is trained to make a (more fun) response when a tone is heard (like dropping a block in a bucket).
|
Play audiometry
|
|
Why were diagnostic procedures developed?
|
as a search for where in the auditory pathway that the lesion is located
|
|
Which lesions are medically/surgically treatable? Which are treatable via hearing aids?
|
Conductive lesions; cochlear lesions
|
|
What does the Alternate binaural loudness balance test (ABLB) for unilateral losses determine?
|
how our perception of loudness changes as intensity increases; if recruitment is present (recruitment cochlear pathology).
|
|
What does the Short increment sensitivity index (SISI) for bilateral losses evaluate?
|
the ability to detect small changes in loudness of a continuous tone (+SISI cochlear pathology).
|
|
What doesThreshold tone decay, Békésy audiometry determine?
|
if adaptation is present (tone decay VIII nerve lesion), and Will a steady tone remain audible, or will it gradually fade away?
|
|
What does immittance audiometry screen for?
|
middle ear disease (ear infections, fluid in the middle ear)
|
|
What does acoustic reflex testing evaluate?
|
the sensorineural portion of the ear, but is also sensitive to middle ear disorders.
|
|
What does auditory evoked potentials provide info about?
|
neural function (like the presence of VIII nerve tumors).
|
|
What does a stimulus evoke?
|
electrical activity in the auditory pathway.
|
|
What is the most useful of the evoked potentials?
|
auditory brainstem response
|
|
What does electroneurography monitor?
|
facial nerve activity (Bell's palsy).
|
|
What do somatosensory evoked potentials monitor?
|
the integrity of the spinal cord, other peripheral nerves in the extremities.
|
|
What does Electronystagmography (ENG) evaluate?
|
the visual and vestibular components of the balance system.
|
|
What does dynamic posturography evaluate?
|
the ability of our balance system to provide motor control to maintain postural stability.
|
|
What do otoacoustic emissions determine?
|
the status of the sensory cells that allow us to hear soft sounds (outer hair cells)
|
|
Who is considered the "father" of audiology?
|
Raymond Carhart
|
|
Where was Raymond Carhart (father of audiology) a professor?
|
Northwestern University
|
|
When was audiology created?
|
50 years ago
|
|
What was it originally created for?
|
To assist hearing-injured WWII veterans reenter civilian life
|
|
Which two profession did audiology develop from?
|
Otoscopy and speech-language pathology
|
|
___% of children will have an ear infection before age ___?
|
90; 6
|
|
Two professional documents that govern the practice of audiology are _________ and ___________?
|
Code of Ethics; Scope of Practice
|
|
The two associations most closely associated with audiology are _________________ and _________________?
|
American Academy of Audiology; ASHA
|
|
Hearing loss in children is a concern only due to the possible impact on communication . . . true or false?
|
false
|
|
Ear infections in children may or may not cause hearing loss . . . true or false?
|
true
|
|
What 3 areas are affected by hearing loss in adults besides hearing sensitivity?
|
general health, psychosocial well being, generated income
|
|
Start on Page 9 -- Still need to do acoustics power points
|
Chapter 1
|