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291 Cards in this Set
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Fashion
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style or styles of clothing and accessories worn at a particular time by a particular group of people
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Fashion Industries
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those engaged in manufacturing the materials and finished products used in the production of apparel and accessories for men, women, and children
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Fashion Business
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all the industries and services connected with fashion: design, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retailing, advertising, communications, publishing, and consulting
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Marketing
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process includes diverse activities and promote products effectively so that they will sell easily
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Fashion Merchandising
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the planning required to have the right fashion-oriented merchandise at the right time, in the right place, in the right quantities, at the right prices, and with the right sales promotion for a specific targeted customer
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Style
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the characteristic or distinctive appearance of a garment- the combination of features that makes it unique and different from other garments
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High Fashion
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A new style accepted by a limited number of fashion leaders who want to be the first to adopt changes and innovation in fashion.
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Mass fashion (Volume fashion)
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styles that are widely accepted
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Design
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a particular or individual interpretation, version, or treatment of a style
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Style number
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identifies a product for manufacturing, ordering, and selling purposes
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Taste
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a prevailing opinion of what is and what is not attractive and appropriate for a given occasion
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Classic
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a style or design that satisfies a basic need and remains in general fashion acceptance for an extended period of time
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Fad
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a fashion that suddenly sweeps into popularity, affecting a limited part of the total population, and then quickly disappears
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Trend
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a general direction or movement
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Silhouette
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overall outline or contour
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Details
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individual elements that give a silhouette its form or shape
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Texture
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the look and feel of material, woven, knit, or nonwoven
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Fashion cycle
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the rise, wide popularity, and then decline of a style
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Stages of the Fashion Cycle
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Introduction, Rise, Culmination, Decline, Obsolescence
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Introduction Stage
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Next new fashion that may be introduced by a producer in the form of a new style, color, or texture; higher priced merhcandise; small quantities
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Rise Stage
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new original design (or its adaptations) is accepted by an increasing number of customers`
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Knockoffs
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during the rise stage of a new original design, many retailers offer line-for-line copies; look exactly like the original except that they have been mass-produced in less expensive fabrics
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Adaptations
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designs that have all the dominant features of the style that inspire them but do not claim to be exact copies
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Culmination Stage
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the period when a fashion is at the height of its popularity and use
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Plateau
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fashion is in such demand that it can be mass-produced, mass distributed, and sold at prices within the range of most customers
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Decline stage
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boredom with a fashion sets in, a decrease in consumer demand for that fashion
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Obsolescence Stage
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strong distaste for a style has set in and it can no longer be sold at any price
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Fast fashion
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retail strategy of keeping fashion fresh, as if it were a perishable good
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Long-run fashions
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take more seasons to complete their cycles than what might be considered average
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Short-run fashions
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take fewer seasons than average
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Intangibles of Fashion
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Group Acceptance, change, social class, lifestyle
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The Five Principles of Fashion
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1) Consumers establish fashions by accepting or rejecting the styles offered.
2) Fashions are not based on price. 3) Fashions are evolutionary, they are rarely revolutionary. 4) No amount of sales promotion can change the direction in which fashions are moving. 5) All fashions end in excess. |
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Environment
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the conditions under which we live
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Four environmental factors that affect fashion
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1) Market segmentation by geographics, demographics, psychographics, and behavior.
2) The degree of economic development and well being of a country or society. 3) The sociological characteristics of the class structure. 4) The psychological attitudes of consumers. |
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Target markets
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specific groups of potential customers that a business is attempting to turn into regular customers
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Market segmentation
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the separation of the total consumer market into smaller groups
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Geographics
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population studies that focus on where people live
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Demographics
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population studies that divide broad groups of customers into smaller, more homogeneous market segments
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Psychographics
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Studies that develop fuller, more personal portraits of potential customers and their lifestyles
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PRIZM system
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groups each US household into one of 66 segments based on zip code, demographics, consumer behavior, shopping habits, media preference, socioeconomic rank, and urbanization (what people buy not why)
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VALS system
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sorts customers into 8 major categories based on psychological attributes
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Personal income
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total or gross income received by the population as a whole
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Per capita personal income
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The amount a person has left to spend or save after paying taxes
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Discretionary Income
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the money that an individual or family can spend or save after buying necessities-food, clothing, shelter, and basic transportation
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Purchasing power
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what will something buy
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Inflation
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an increase in available money and credit, with relative scarcity of goods, resulting in a significant rise in prices
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Recession
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a low point in the business cycle
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Sociological Factors that influence fashion
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leisure time, ethnic influence, status of women, social and physical mobility, instant communications, and wars, disasters, and crises
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Five Psychological Factors that influence fashion
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boredom, curiosity, reaction to convention, need for self assurance, desire for companionship
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7 Accelerating Factors that speed up fashion cycle
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1) Widespread buying power
2) Leisure time 3) Increased education 4) Improved status of women 5) Technological advances 6) Sales promotion 7) Seasonal change |
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Prophetic styles
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interesting new styles that are still in the introduction phase of their fashion cycle
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Downward Flow Theory
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a style must first be adopted by the people at the top of the social pyramid, gradually wins acceptance at progressively lower social levels
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Horizontal Flow Theory
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fashions move horizontally between groups on similar social levels rather than vertically from one level to another
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Fashion innovator
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a person who is quicker than his or her associates to try out a new style
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Fashion influential
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a person whose advice is sought by associates
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Upward flow theory
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the young are quicker than any social group to create or adopt new and different fashions
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Profit
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net income, the amount of money a business earns in excess of its expenses
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Four Levels of the Fashion Industry
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Primary, Secondary, Retail, Auxiliary
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Primary Level
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composed of the growers and producers of the raw materials of fashion
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Secondary Level
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composed of industries-manufacturers and contractors- that produce the semifinished or finished fashion goods
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Retail Level
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the ultimate distribution level, different types of retailers who buy their goods from the secondary level and then supply them directly to the consumer
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Auxiliary Level
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functions with all other levels simultaneously, composed of all the support services that are working constantly with primary producers, secondary manufacturers, and retailers to keep consumers aware of the fashion merchandise produced for ultimate consumption
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Horizontal Growth
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expands capabilities on the level on which it has been performing successfully
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Vertical Growth
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Expands its capabilities on levels other than its primary function
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Merger
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a sale of one company to another company occurs, with the purchasing company usually remaining dominant
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Diversification
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the addition of various lines, products, or services to serve different markets
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Franchise
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the contract that gives an individual (or group of people) the right to own a business while benefitting from the expertise and reputation of an established firm
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Licensing
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a legal arrangement whereby firms are given permission to produce and market merchandise in the name of the licensor for a specific period of time
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High fashion designers
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responsible for the full range of decisions of a fashion house as well as for establishing the image and creating designs for the company
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Stylist designers
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work for manufacturers and adapt the designs of others, typically of name designers
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Freelance designers
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sell sketches of their original designs or adaptations to manufacturers
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High fashion apparel
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group of designers and firms produces innovative apparel that is very expensive
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Bridge market
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group bridges the price range between custom designs and high-quality but less expensive merchandise
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Better market
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price range is just below that of the bridge lines
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Moderate priced market
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sometimes produces originals but usually turns out adaptations of styles that have survived the introduction stage and are in the rise stage of their fashion life cycle
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Budget market
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makes no attempt to offer new or unusual styling; mass-produce close copies or adaptations of styles that have proved their acceptance in high priced markets
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Line
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an assortment of new designs with a designated period for delivery to the retailer
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Firms: Fashion leaders
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feature newly introduced styles that have only limited production and distribution (Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom)
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Firms: Traditional Retailers
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Fashions that have captured customer interest in their introduction stage and are in the late rise or early culmination stage of their life cycles (Macy's and Dillard's)
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Mass merchants
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widely accepted fashions that are well into culmination phase of their life cycles (JC Penney, Sears, Kohl's)
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Discounter
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low end of mass market (Walmart, Kmart, Target); any retail operation that sells goods at less than full retail prices
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Fiber
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an extremely fine strand that is the smallest element of a fabric
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Yarn
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fibers that are spun or twisted into continuous threads
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Fabrics
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yarns that are knitted, woven, or bonded
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Natural fibers
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fibers found in nature, come from plant or animal sources
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Manufactured fibers
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made in a chemists' laboratory
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Four major natural fibers
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cotton, wool, silk, flax (linen)
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Cotton
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most widely used of all the natural fibers, the substance attached to the seed of a cotton plant
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Wool
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fiber that forms the coat of a sheep
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Silk
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from the cocoon formed by a silkworm
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Flax
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used to make linen, comes from the stem of a flax plant
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Ramie
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comes from a woody-leafed Asian plant grown mostly in China; linen like fabric suitable for warm-weather apparel, ramie is also inexpensive
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Hemp
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a fibrous plant with an interesting history United States; illegal to grow hemp under federal law in the US
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Spinnerette
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fibers of continuous, indefinite lengths are produced by forcing the liquid through the tiny holes of a mechanical device
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Cellulosic fibers
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Cellulose, the same fibrous substance found int he natural fibers of plants is used to manufacture this
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Noncellulosic fibers
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petroleum, natural gas, air, and water are used
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Polymer
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molecules linked into long chains
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Generic names
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nontrademarked names
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Variant
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fiber producers modify the composition to produce a new fiber
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Brand names
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trademarks
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Microfiber
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a fiber that is two or three times smaller than a human hair-smaller than wool, cotton, or silk fibers
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Licensed trademarks
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trademarks used under licensing agreements
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Textile fabric
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any material that is made by weaving, knitting, braiding, knotting, laminating, felting, or chemical bonding
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Greige goods
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unfinished fabrics
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Textile converters
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buy greige goods form the mils, have the goods processed to order by the finishing plants, and then sell the finished goods to the garment makers
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Regular tanneries
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purchase and process skins and hides and sell the leather as their finished product
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Contract tanneries
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process the hides and skins to the specifications of other firms (mainly converters) but are not involved in the final sale of the leather
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Converters
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buy the hides and skins from the meatpackers, commission the tanning to the contract tanneries, and then sell the finished leather
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Sustainable use
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an environmental program that encourages landowners to preserve alligator eggs and habitats in return for the right to use a percentage of the grown animals
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Skins
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those that weigh fifteen pounds or less when shipped to the tannery
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Kips
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weighing from fifteen to twenty five pounds
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Hides
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weighing more than twenty five pounds
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Pelt
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the skin of a fur-bearing animal
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Leased department
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situated in the store but run by an independent merchant who pays a percentage of sales to the store as rent
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Consignment selling
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a fur manufacturer supplies merchandise to a retail store which has the option of returning unsold items
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Product development
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teaming of market and trend research with the merchandising , design, and technical processes that develop a final product
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Collection
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describes in expensive line in the US or Europe
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Groups
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lines are divided into groups of garments, linked by a common theme like color, fabric, or style
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Apparel manufacturer
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one who performs all the operations required to produce apparel, form buying the fabric to selling and shipping the finished garments
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Apparel jobber
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handles the designing, the planning, the purchasing, usually the cutting, the selling, and the shipping but not the actual sewing operation
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Apparel contractor
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a producer whose sole function is to supply sewing services to the industry
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Section work or piece work
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when each operator only sews a certain section of the garment, such as a sleeve or hem
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Large manufacturers
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merchandisers are responsible for developing new lines. merchandisers plan the overall fashion direction for the coming season and direct a design staff about the kinds of garments to be designed
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Designer-Owned Firms
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the designer is also the owner, the designer may design all or part of a line, using other designers to fill out the line
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Small manufacturers
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all the activities in the product development process may be done by the owner, with one or more assistants
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Sample hand
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garment is sewn by a designer's assistant, who is also a seamstress
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Computer-aided design (CAD)
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using computers to draw designs
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minimum orders
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manufacturers set minimum orders for the quantity, number of styles, and/dollar amount required to accept the retail buyer's order
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Grading
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garment is sloped to each of the various sizes in which it will be made
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Marker
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pieces of garment are laid out on a long piece of paper
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Spreader
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carries the material along a guide on either side of the cutting table, spreading the material evenly from end to end
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Bundling
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pieces of each pattern are tied into bundles according to their sizes; must be done by hand
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Single-hand operations
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one operator sews the entire garment
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Modular manufacturing system
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teams of seven to nine workers produce entire garments, passing hem on to each other until the garment is complete
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Floor Ready
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bar coded price tickets attached, Cartons labeled and shipping documents attached
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QA
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quality assurance, refers to the product meeting the standards established for it, includes the inspection of each ingredient of the garment: fabric, thread, buttons, snaps or zippers, hem tape, linings, shoulder pads....
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National brands
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those that are owned by a manufacturer who advertises them nationally
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Private label
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one that is owned by a retailer and found only in its stores
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Retail store brand
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name of a chain that is used as the exclusive label on most of the items in the store or catalog
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Corporate licensing
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the use of a company's name on related merchandise, is the fastest growing segment of licensing today
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Specification buying
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a type of purchasing that is done to the store's rather than the manufacturer's standards
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Specification manager
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trained in specification buying
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Offshore production
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the manufacturing of goods abroad where labor is cheaper; reduce costs and therefore compete more effectively with low-cost imports
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Factors
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companies purchase a manufacturer's accounts receivable or advance cash on the basis of the accounts receivable; interest rates are generally higher than those of a bank
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Chargebacks
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financial penalties imposed on manufacturing by retailers
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Product Lifestyle Management PLM
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strategic system that links information within a manufacturing company to increase efficiency and manage the life of a product
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Mass customization
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tailer the product to fit one particular customer not one size fits all and to supply thousands of individuals at mass prices not custom-made prices
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Brand extension
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a company uses a successful brand name to launch new or modified products
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Custom made
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fitted to the individual who would wear them and then sewn by hand
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Ready to wear
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clothes produced in factories to standardized measurements
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ILGWU
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International Ladies Garment Workers Union was formed in 1900 to improve working conditions and remained the major garment industry union for many years
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UNITE
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Needletrade, Industrial, and Textile Employees; 1995 merged with ILGWU, represented the majority of workers in basic apparel and textiles, as well as millinery, shoes, gloves
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Behavior
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opinions of specific products or services and the actual rate of use of these products or services
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Personal income
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the total or gross income received by the population as a whole
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Per capita personal income
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divide personal income by the number of people in the population
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Disposable income
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the amount a person has left to spend or save after paying taxes
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Activewear
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apparel made for specific sports and exercise activities but it has also become part of many people's everyday wardrobes
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Price zones
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series of somewhat contiguous price lines that appeal to specific target groups of customers
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Trunk shows
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present a manufacturer's line to a retail store's sale staff and its customers
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First retail store to open in New York 1818
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Brooks Brothers'
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UNITE HERE
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represented the workers in virtually all domestic plants in the tailored clothing segment of menswear manufacturing
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Tailored clothing firms
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produce structured or semi-structured suits, overcoats, topcoats, sports coats, formal wear, and separate slacks that involve hand-tailoring
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Drops
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the difference in inches between the chest measurement of a suit jacket and the waist of the pants
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European styling
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more fitted jacket, built-up shoulders, and a higher armhole
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Innerwear
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the trade term for women's underwear, usually divided into foundations
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Foundations of innerwear
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support either the bust or the lower torso
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Lingerie
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less structured innerwear and sleepwear
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Loungewear
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loose-fitting apparel designed for home entertaining
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Wicking
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ability to carry the moisture of perspiration away from the skin
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AAFA
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American Apparel and Footwear Association, the national trade association representing apparel, footwear, and sewn products companies, compete in the global marketplace
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Department store
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Full customer service and Flagship and branch configuration; a retail store carrying a general line of apparel, home furnishings, and housewares, and employing more than 50 people
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Chain store
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centralized buying and store units have similar appearance
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Flea market
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operates from a temporary or permanent location and independent entrepreneurs pay for space
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Departmentalized specialty store
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Carries either soft goods or hard goods and intimate knowledge of customers
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Manufacturer owned store
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Type of specialty store and carries one brand or label of in-season, full-price merchandise
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Specialty chains
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Extensive use of private label and 100 or more store units
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Discounter
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minimal customer services and sells budget priced merchandise
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Off-price retailer
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Sells broken assortments of merchandise and designer and national brands are sold at reduced prices
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Factory outlet stores
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used by retailers and manufacturers to sell excess merchandise;discount operations run by a manufacturer
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Warehouse or wholesale clubs
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Buys merchandise in bulk quantities and membership is a requirement; stock a limited number of apparel stock keeping units-generally whatever brands they can buy; Costco, Sam's Club, BJ's
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Franchise
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individual entrepreneurs operates store units as part of a chain and parent company provides merchandise and training
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category killers
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low prices to customers derived from volume discounts and extreme narrow and deep assortments; superstores or category specialists who so dominate a market that they drive out or "kill" smaller specialty stores
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Boutiques
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sells soft goods and highly individual selection of merchandise; a shop that carries exclusive merchandise
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Thrift stores
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Type of underselling retailer and previously owned merchandise
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Internet retailer
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global retailer and 24/7 availability
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Minaudière
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small evening bags
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Rack trade
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manufacturers who produce belts to be sold as separate fashion accessory items
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Cut up trade
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manufactures belts to be sold as part of a dress, skirt, or pair of trousers
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Millinery
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women's hat industry
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Private label manufacturers
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producing merchandise to specification under the brand names of chain stores
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Franchise distribution
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manufacturer or exclusive distributor sells directly to the ultimate retailer
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Joint merchandising
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the store shares in the payment of salaries
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Premiums
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stores use these, gift with purchase or a purchase with purchase offer, to promote their products
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Home fashions
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the umbrella term used frequently today to describe the two fashion-driven industries that have been long called home furnishings and home accessories
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Tapletop goods
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dinnerwear, glasswear, and flatwear
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Product categories of Soft Goods
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Bed linens, bath linens, table linens, window treatments, upholstery fabric, miscellaneous, area rugs
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Three types of glassware
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tumblers, footed tumblers, stemware
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Market
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Place where goods are offered for sale and sold at wholesale prices
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Domestic market
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market in one's own country
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foreign market
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the places outside of the US
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Market centers
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a city where fashion is offered and sold wholesale
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Mart
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a building or complex of buildings that houses a wholesale market; that is an exhibition of fashions that are ready to be sold to retail stores
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Market week
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during this time, market centers and marts are filled with producers and designers, all of whom exhibit new lines
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Trade shows
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periodic exhibits that are scheduled throughout the year in regional market centers and some marts; smaller than market weeks and usually attended by buyers from one region of the country
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Haute couture
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original designs, use luxury fabrics, are known for exquisite detailing, are expensive out of necessity and thus are made in very limited numbers
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Pret-a-porter
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"ready to wear", produced in far larger numbers than haute couture
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Couture house
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apparel firm for which a designer creates original designs and styles
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Global sourcing
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Process of shopping for and purchasing imported goods
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Offshore production
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use of foreign workers in one or more countries to complete the steps of manufacturing the goods that bear the producer's label
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Commissionaires
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foreign owned independent agents; represent both retailers and manufacturers
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Balance of trade
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difference between the value of exports and the value of imports
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Trade deficit
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Value of goods that a country imports exceeds the value of its exports
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Trade surplus
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country's exports exceed its imports
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Protectionism
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an economic and political doctrine that seeks to exclude or limit foreign goods
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Free trade
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supports the free exchange of goods among nations
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GATT
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; played a major role in reducing trade barriers and unifying trading practices among member nations
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Import quotas
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limits set to restrict the number of specific goods that may be brought into the country for a specific period of time
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Absolute quotas
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limit the quantity of goods that may enter the United States
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Tariff-rate quotas
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set a limit after which a higher duty is charged on goods entering the country
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duty/tariff
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fee assessed by the government on certain goods that it wishes to restrict or limit
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Counterfeit goods
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inferior imitations passed off as the genuine article
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Bootleg goods
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not cheap rip-offs; cannot be distinguished form the real ones; they are made by the same manufacturers who make the real ones but who sell some goods to the black market
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Black market
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illicit goods or commodities that are in violation of official regulations are traded
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Gray market goods
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goods that were not intended for sale in the country in which they are being sold
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Fashion retailing
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involves the business of buying and selling- or merchandising- apparel, accessories, and home fashions
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The Five R's
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the right merchandise, the right price, the right place, the right time, in the right quantities
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Bon Marche
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first department store in Paris
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Starting retailers in the US
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General stores, peddlers, and mail-order sellers
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General stores
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an early form of retail store which carried a wide variety of mainly utilitarian consumer goods
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RFD
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rural free delivery, a system of free mail delivery to rural areas
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General merchandisers
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JC Penny, Sears, Target, retailers that typically sell many kinds of merchandise in addition to clothing
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Specialty retailers
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offer limited lines of related merchandise targeted to a more specific customer
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Flagships
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main stores
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Discount department stores
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retailers that offer well-known branded apparel at 20-60 percent of department store prices; store format resembles that of a department store
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Discount general merchandisers
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Walmart, Carrefour; carry a broad range of products, from apparel to electronics, typically private label and basics, prices are lower than department stores or specialty stores
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Discount/off-price specialty stores
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low-price apparel from private labels and typically lower-end brands
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Hypermarkets
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offer discount grocery or superstore items and products commonly found in department stores
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Chain organization
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a group of centrally owned stores, four or more, each of which handles similar goos and merchandise; can be a mass merchandiser known or its low prices, department store known for high-quality mid-price goods, or a specialty merchandiser selling exclusive designs at high prices
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Category buying or classification buying
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a practice whereby a chain store buyer located in a central buying office is usually assigned to purchase only a specific category or classification of merchandise instead of buying all categories carried in a single department
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Departmental buying
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a practice whereby a department buyer is responsible for buying all the various categories of merchandise carried in that department
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Leased departments
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sections of a retail store that are owned and operated by outside organizations
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Off-price retailing
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selling of brand-name and designer merchandise at lower-than-normal retail prices when the products are at the late rise or early peak in the fashion cycle
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Non-store retailing
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direct selling, catalog retailers, TV home shopping, and online shopping sites
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Merchandising policies
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general and specific guidelines and goals established by store management and adjusted according to current trends and marketplace needs to keep the store on target
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Assortment
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the range of stock a retailer features
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Narrow and deep assortment
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stocks relatively few styles but has them in many sizes and colors
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Broad and shallow assortment
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offers many different styles in limited sizes and colors
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Exclusivity
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1) Store may prevail upon vendors to confine one or more styles to their store for a period of time and or within their trading area.
2) Can buy from producers who will manufacture goods to their specifications. 3) They can become the sole agent within their trading area for new, young designers. 4) they can seek out and buy from domestic or foreign sources of supply that no one else has discovered. 5) They can create private labels. |
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Confined styles
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to minimize competition over national brands, some major retailers insist on buying exclusive styles from national brand manufacturers
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Operational policies
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designed to keep the customers once that are attracted enough to come into the store
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Sensory retailing
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in store stimulation of all customers' senses
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Shopping center
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coordinated group of retail stores, plus a parking area
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Malls
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shopping centers that are enclosed and climate-controlled
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Vertical malls
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multistory buildings taller than they are wide
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Power centers/power strips
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outdoor shopping centers that offer three or four category killers together, so that a range of merchandise is available at highly discounted prices
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Regional malls
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usually containat least two anchor department stores as well as many specialty stores and a food court or restaurants
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Superregional malls
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even larger than regional malls, often containing up to one million square feet
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Life-stage marketing
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marketing strategy that targets a specific demographic
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Strategic Alliance
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Form of business combination in which retailers and manufacturers join forces to operate more efficiently, thus improving both companies' profits while enabling them to give the customer a better product at a lower price
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Publicity
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free and voluntary mention of a firm, product, or person in the media
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Public relations
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also a free and voluntary mention, but it is designed to enhance a long-term goal such as the shaping of a company's public image
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Shelter magazines
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magazines devoted to home fashions
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Editorial credit
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a unique form of publicity that names the manufacturer and lists retail stores where the clothes may be purchased
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Trade publication
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trade newspapers and magazines that are published just for the industry; keep their special readers informed about what is going on in the fashion world
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Fashion stylists
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may select and coordinate the apparel and accessories for store catalogs and print ads, for magazine articles, or for commercials
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Visual merchandising
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the arrangement and presentation of merchandise in store windows and on the selling floor
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Buying, merchandising, and product development organization (RBO)
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serve the ongoing needs of a store or group of stores for a steady supply of new merchandise; watch and report on fashion trends, help with strategic planning, make vendor recommendations, coordinate imports, and assist in product development
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Associated or cooperative office
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cooperatively owned and operated by a group of privately owned stores for their mutual use
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Corporate owned office or syndicated office
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maintained by a parent organization exclusively for the stores it owns
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Criteria for "ready to wear"
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merchandise must be mass produced and use standardized sizing
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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
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Event resulted in strengthening unionization in womenswear industry
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Invention of the foot-treadle sewing machine
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event contributed to the growth of the ready-to-wear womenswear industry
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Slop shops
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early retail businesses selling low quality ready-made menswear
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Standardization of menswear is associated with...
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The Civil War
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Dual Distribution
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Manufacturers sell their goods in their own stores as well as other retail outlets
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An important secondary market for children's apparel...
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Miami
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The sample size in a size range is...
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the median size
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A characteristic of the natural fiber industry...
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use of trade associations to collectively promote its members' products
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Characteristic of the man made fiber industry...
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use of brand names to promote each company's fibers
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Two advantages associated with using a converter rather than a vertical mill...
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smaller minimum order yardage and faster delivery times
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The step in textile production after cleaning or creating the fibers is...
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spinning fibers into yarn
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During the textile production process, when is color added?
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Color is added from the fiber stage on.
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In the textile industry, a company engaged in all stages of the production and distribution of finished a fabric, from fiber to fabric, is called a...
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vertically integrated mill.
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The most important function of a converter is to...
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process greige goods and arrange to have it finished
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Regular tannery
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Purchase and process skins and hides into leather in their own facilities
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Tanning
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process of transforming pelts into leather
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Consignment selling
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an agreement that allows a fur manufacturer to supply merchandise to a retailer, which has the option of returning unsold items
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Leased department
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an agreement in which an independent merchant pays a percentage of sales to a store as rent for a space in a store
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Contract tannery
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process skins and hides for converters, but are not involved in the final sale of the leather
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Converter tannery
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a business that buys hides and skins from meat packers, commissions the tanning to others and sells the finished products to manufacturers
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Sales representatives
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company representatives who exhibit merchandise to potential customers
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