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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sereous Exudate
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abundant, watery, clear or cloudy, relatively low protein, low cell exudate.
Observed in mild reactions involving serous (pleural, peri-cardial and peritoneal) and synovial membranes and connective tissues. - Found in blisters etc. |
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Fibrinous
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- Rich in fibrinogen
- Observed in more severe reactions involving serous membranes, the alveoli of the lungs and sometimes connective tissues - Found in scabs - Rich in fibrinogen - protein precoursors to m.c. to fibrin (the main component of blood clots) |
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Catarrhal
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- Usually cloudy thin mucinous exudate to more restricted tick white sticky musinous exudate
- Associated with the inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, airways, lower alimentary tract, uterus and mucous glands |
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Suppurative/Purulent
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- PUS
- Associated with bacterial infections - Contains very large number of dying and dead neutrophils and necrotic tissue debris that has been poorly liquified by various proteases peptidases and lipases liberated from dead cells - Abscesses - Sometimes it occurs as a diffuse process extending through connective tissues and along fascial planes |
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Haemorrhagic
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- Frank haemorrhage
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Necrotising
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- Cell death, ischaemia, acute venous congestion
- Cell components and content mixed in |
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Functions of Exudate
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1) Dilutes toxins and other active m.c.
2) Distributes clotting factors and mediators around injured tissues, clots obstruct bacterial spread and aid in phagocytosis, mucous traps microorganisms 3) Antibodies and complement opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis and antibodies neutralize toxins 4) Exudate continuously drains off to lymphatic vessels, carries bacterial antigens and toxins to lymph nodes where specific immune responses can be mounted or amplified. |
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Histamine is released in response to _____________
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cellular injury
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Histamine has its effects via the _____ _____ _____ receptors
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H1, H2, H3 receptors
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Histamine causes:
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- Smooth muscle contraction of bronchi, gut and large vessels (ex. aorta)
- Smooth muscle relaxation in small arterioles (significant fall in bp) - Increased vascular permeability - Increased secretion of gastric acid |
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Histamine acting on the H2 receptors effects ___________
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gastric acid secretion
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__________ is the main storage site for histamine with ____________ storage site in the blood
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Mast cells, basophils
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Histamine is converted from ____________ when in the presence of _______________ enzyme
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Histidine, in the presence of L-histidine decarboxylase
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Histamine storage
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- Histamine in mast cells is synthesized slowly and stored
- Turnover is slow and depletion can occur - Because of the slow turnover, if mast cells release histamine then it will take awhile to replenish |
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Histamine release effects
- Carnivores ____________ - Rabbits _______________ - Guinea pigs ___________ |
- hypotension
- bronchoconstriction and right heart dilation - bronchoconstriction and asphyxiation |
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Serotonin aka ___________
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5- Hydroxytryptamine
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5-HT is concentrated in_______
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enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract, in platelets and in the CNS
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5-HT receptors
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Four subgroups of receptors with additional subtypes within each family:
-5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4 - the majority are G-protein coupled - 5-HT3 is ion gated |
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Effects of 5-HT
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1) Platelets: release of 5-HT from the platelet promotes platelet aggregation and local vasoconstriction
2) GI Tract: helps control gastrointestinal function, may be excititory or inhibitory, depends on location and type of receptor 3) CNS: multiple effects in the CNS affecting sleep/wake cycle, behaviour, anxiety, etc. |
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Leukocytosis
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an increase in the concentration of leukocytes in the blood
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Neutrophilia
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- neutrophil leukocytosis
- occurs when inflammation is cuased by local bacterial or viral infections or by trauma |
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Neutropaenia
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- In infections by pyogenic bacteria and fungi, emigration of neutrophils occurs on a scale which rapidly depletes the levels of cells in the circulating blood
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Neutrophil leukocytosis occurs when the inflammation is caused by local _________ or ___________ or by _____________
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bacterial, viral infections, trauma
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Fever is beneficial due to:
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- decreased microbial replication efficiency
- increased leukocyte function - increased antigen presentation efficiency (by DC) **Note: B cells are inhibited at higher temps and the DEGREE of fever is important |
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Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)
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- acts on immature cells and stimulates them into differentiation
- released by macrophages |
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Acute Phase Response
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- Occurs in most forms of inflammation, infection and tissue injury
- Is the increased production of several plasma proteins (by the liver) after injury and in disease states |
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Acute Phase Response
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Systemic manifestation that occurs in most forms of inflammation, infection and tissue injury. It involves induction of increased synthesis of several host proteins involved in attracting leukocytes into tissues (serum amyloid A), clearning microorganisms (C-reactive protein, complement components), blood clotting, and controlling proteases released during inflammation. During acute inflammation these proteins are synthesized by the liver until the infection or reaction is halted when their production returns to normal.
- Response is mediated by IL6 released by activated macrophages acting on hepatocytes and initiating synthesis of the acute phase proteins and more IL6 |