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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Any of various glands producing hormonal secretions that pass directly into the bloodstream. Also called the ductless gland
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Endocrine glands
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What are the glands that make up the Endocrine system?
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Thyroid
Parathyroids Ant. & Pos. Pituitary Pancreas Adrenals Gonads Mammary |
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Is called the “master gland” of the endocrine system, located at the base of the brain
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Pituitary gland
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How may lobes does Pituitary gland have?
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Two (Anterior & Posterior)
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A Pituitary gland lobe that secretes regulating hormone (tropic hormone) that control the actions of other endocrine glands
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Anterior lobe
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A Pituitary gland lobe that releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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Posterior lobe
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Regulating hormones that is secreted by the Anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and are named according to the gland they affect
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Tropic hormones
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A tropic hormone that affects the Thyroid gland
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Thyrotropic
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A tropic hormone that affects the cortex of the Adrenal gland
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Adrenocorticotropic
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A gland that is composed of two lobes located on either side of the larynx
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Thyroid gland
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Hormone that is secreted by the Thyroid gland which causes all cells to accelerate the rate of their metabolism
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Thyroxine
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A condition caused by a reduced activity of the Thyroid gland
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Hypothyroidism
Note: ↑ TSH, ↓ T4 (thyroxine) |
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A disorder in children where the Thyroid gland fails to function properly during the formative years of a child's development
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Cretinism
Note: Child is called "Cretin" |
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Characteristics of Cretinism
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·Occurs mostly in regions having iodine defficiency in water & food
·The child fails to develop normally ·Has pronounced mental retardation ·Slow development ·Skin is thickened, dry, & wrinkled ·Tongue is thick & protrudes from mouth ·Abdomen protrudes ·Legs are short ·Body musculature is weak |
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Treatment for Cretinism
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Thyroid hormone therapy. Maybe corrected if given early in infancy
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A type of hypothyroidism in adult that is characterized by a gradual slowing of mental & physical functions
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Myxedema
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Signs & Symptoms of Myxedema
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Hands & feet are puffy
Skin is thick & leathery Is hypersensitive to cold |
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A condition caused by an overproduction of the thyroid gland
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Hyperthyroidism
Note: ↓ TSH, ↑ T4 (thyroxine) |
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Signs & Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
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Protruding eyes
Weight loss Increased appetite Tachycardia & Palpitations Nervousness Diarrhea Abdominal cramps ↑pulse & bp Headache Intolerance to heat Fever Menstrual irregularities |
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Treatments for Hyperthyroidism
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May be treated with an antithyroid drug:
propylthiouracil (dose: 100 mg) methimazole (10 mg) radioactive iodine gland may be removed surgically |
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Also known as “chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis – is considered to be caused by an autoimmune process
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Hashimoto's disease
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Treatment for Hashimoto's disease
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Thyroid treatment should be started based on the thyroid studies as soon as the disease is diagnosed
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An enlarged thyroid gland.May be caused by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The growth resulting from a body “reflex” to compensate for the inefficiency of the gland
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Goiter
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Thyroid Preparations
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Either natural or synthetic preparations.
Naturally produced in the thyroid gland. Synthetic permits greater accuracy & predictability when treating thyroid dysfunction Ex: thyroid Obtained primarily from hogs. May be used in varied dosage as neccessary to attain thyroid function |
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Antithyroid agents
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methimazole (Tapazole)
propylthiouracil Note: These agents should not be taken by pregnant women because these can induce goiter & hypothyroidism in the developing fetus |
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An antithyroid agent which:
Inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormone by preventing incorporation of iodine into the hormone. It is used for palliative treatment of hyperthyroidism & preoperatively before surgical or radiation procedures |
methimazole (Tapazole)
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Glands that are located directly above the kidneys and are composed of two parts: cortex (outer portion), & medulla (inner portion)
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Adrenal glands
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The outer portion of the Adrenal glands that secretes number of hormones that are essential to life
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Cortex
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The inner portion of the Adrenal glands that secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine
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Medulla
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Name four hormones secreted by the Cortex
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cortisone
hydrocortisone aldosterone deoxycorticosterone |
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Three important functions of the hormones secreted by the Cortex
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1.Regulation of water & salt metabolism
2.Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism 3.Production of anti-inflammatory effects |
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Uses of Cortisone & Hydrocortisone
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Suppression of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, various types of skin diseases
Tx of multiple sclerosis Note: Neither of the two drugs cure the disease or causes any real improvement. They only suppress the symptoms |
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Adrenocorticoid agent side effects
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Salt & Water retention
"Moon facies" Muscular weakness Hirsutism Acne Occasional mental disturbances |
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Some precautions when using adrenocorticoid agents
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In patient with peptic ulcer
They are contraindicated for individuals suffering from tubercolosis or other infectious diseases |
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A destructive disease of the adrenal cortex
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Addison's disease
Note: If untreated, it is gradually progressive, and death occurs within 2 or 3 years |
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Signs & Symptoms of Addison's disease
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Weight loss
Weakness Disturbed carbohydrate & mineral metabolism Increased bronzing pigmentation of the skin |
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Synthetic compounds similar in action to Cortisone & Hydrocortisone
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cortisone acetate, (Cortogen, Cortone), (Oral, IM)
hydrcortisone, (Hydrocortone, Cortef, Solu-Cortef), (Oral, IM, IV, Intrathecal) predisone, (Deltasone, Sterapred), (Oral) prednisolone, (Prelone, Cotolone), (Oral) methylprednisolone, (Medrol, Solu-Medrol), (Oral, IM, IV) triamcinolone acetonide, (Aristocort, Kenalog), (Oral, Intralesional, Intraarticular) dexamethasone, (Decadron), (Oral, IM, IV, Intraarticular) betamethasone, (Celestone), (Oral, IM, IV, Intraarticular) fludrocortisone acetate, (Florinef), (Oral) fluocinolone, (Synalar), (Topical) fluradrenolide, (Cordan), (Topical) |
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This is where the clusters of cells known as the islets of Langerhans are found & are the sources of the hormone known as insulin
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Pancreas
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Three purpose of insulin
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1. Aids in the utilization of glucose as energy
2. Stores excess glucose as glycogen in the liver 3. Responsible for the conversion of glucose to fat |
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Important things to remember when giving insuling therapy
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Be accurate in the dosage of insulin
Overdose can lead to insulin shock Too small a dose can result in diabetic coma For mild cases, diet therapy alone may be sufficient, along with regulated exercise to maintain blood sugar level In more severe cases, oral hypoglycemics or insulin must be given |
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A condition where the glucose level in the blood becomes quite high after the ingestion of carbohydrates
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Diabetes Mellitus
Note: If diabetes is not treated, sugar spills over into the urine, & acidosis & ketosis occur as a result of the metabolism of fat for energy, resulting in the creation of ketones as by-products If untreated, , the patient in ketosis eventually becomes comatose & dies |
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Four factors needed to determine the dose of insulin required to treat Diabetes Mellitus
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1. Weight of the patient
2. Metabolic rate 3. Physical activity 4. Any residual function of the pancreas |
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Examples of Individual Insulin Products
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human insulin
human insulin injection, regular (Humulin R, Novolin R) human insulin injection, isophane (Humulin N, Novolin N) lente human insulin zinc injection (Humulin L, Novolin L) ultralente human insulin injection (Humulin U) Note: Regular insulin is the only insulin form that may be given IV. The effect of regular insulin, regardless of the mode of administration last only a few hours |
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An individual insulin product than can be prepared in various forms to lower blood sugar rapidly or over a prlonged period time
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human insulin
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An individual insulin product that consists of zinc-insulin crystal that are dissolved in a clear fluid
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human insulin injection, regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Route(s): subQ, IV Takes effect rapidly & last 4 to 6 hours |
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An individual insulin product also known as isophane insulin, or NPH containing a suspension of zinc-insulin crystals & protamine sulfate
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human insulin injection, isophane (Humulin N, Novolin N)
Route(s): subQ only A intermediate-acting isulin Onset of action is in 1 1/2 hours Peak activity is from 4 to 6 hours |
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An individual insulin product is a mixture of crystalline & amorphous insulin
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lente human insulin zinc injection (Humulin L, Novolin L)
Route(s): subQ only An intermediate-acting insulin Onset of action in 2 1/2 hours Peak from 7 to 15 hours Duration is up to 24 hours |
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An individual insulin product that is a crystalline suspension of human insulin with zinc that provides a slower onset of action & longer duration of activity
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ultralente human insulin injection(Humulin U)
Route(s): subQ only A long-acting insulin Onset of activity in 4 to 8 hours Peak of activity in 12 to 18 hours Duration of action up to 28 hours |
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Example of Insulin Analog
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insulin lispro (Humalog)
Route(s): subQ, IV Note: There is also a Humalog Pen for self-injection |
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Example of Combination Insulin Products
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Humulin 50/50 - a combination of 50% regular & 50% isophane insulin
Humulin 70/30 & Novalin 70/30 - combinations of 70% isophane & 30% regular insulin |
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What is Insulin Pump Therapy?
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Also called continous subcutaneous insulin infusion, is designed to simulate normal pancreatic beta-cell function & deliver both basal & bolus insulin doses in patients with type 1 diabetes
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Several factors that are key to successful treatment with insulin pumps
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Blood glucose monitoring
Logbook recording of insulin doses & blood glucose results Counting of carbohydrates Use of the long-acting insulin lispro with regular insulin |
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The most serious adverse effect of intensive insulin therapy
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Severe Hypoglycemia
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A commonly develop conditon in which a patient who have had a type 1 diabetes for more than 5 years no longer recognize the symptoms of low blood glucose levels, such as fatigue, sweating, dizziness, palpitations, & impaired cognition
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Hypoglycemic awaremess
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Name one strategy for preventing hypoglycemia
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Set a higher target blood glucose level, using a lower basal insulin delivery rate & eliminating the wilde glycemic swings
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Examples of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
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chlorpropamide, (Diabinese)
tolbutamide, (Orinase) glipizide, (Glucotrol) glyburide, (Diabeta, Micronase, Glynase) acarbose, (Precose) metformin hcl, (Glucophage) |
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A potent oral hypoglycemic agent that acts on pancreatic cells to cause them to release residual insulin
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chlorprapamide, (Diabinese)
Route(s): Oral Note: Not all patients with diabetes are suitable candidates for chloroprapamide therapy |
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An oral hypoglycemic agent that its recommended use has been restricted to those cases in which diet & insulin are ineffective
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tolbutamide, (Orinase)
Route(s): Oral |
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An oral hypoglycemic agent that lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic & non-diabetic patients
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glipizide, (Glutorol)
Route(s): Oral Note: It is used as an adjunct to dietary control in the management of non-insulin-dependent (type 2 diabetes) |
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An oral hypoglycemic agent that lowers blood sugar & produces a mild diuresis
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glyburide, (Diabeta, Micronase, Glynase)
Route(s): Oral |
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An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits enzymes known as the alpha-glucoside enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates into glucose & other monosacchardies
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acarbose, (Precose)
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An oral hypoglycemic agent that is believe to improve sensitivity to insulin at the receptor sites
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metformin hcl, (Glucophage)
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Examples of other Oral Hypoglycemic agents
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glimepiride, (Amaryl)
pioglitazone, (Actos) repaglinide, (Prandin) miglitol, (Glyset) |
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Examples of Combination Oral Hypoglycemic agents
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metformin plus glyburide, (Glucovance)
rosiglitazone plus metformin, (Avandamet) glipizide plus metformin, (Metaglip) |
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Sex glands of the female (ovaries ) & those of the male (testes) are called?
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gonads
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Hormone secreted by the Anterior Pituitary gland that affect the Gonads
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gonadotropic hormones
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Name the two gonadotropic hormones
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) |
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A gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the maturation of the graafian follicles in the ovaries
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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A female hormone produced by the cells around the ovum is responsible for the changes in the accessory organs of reproduction during the first part of the menstrual cyle & the development of the secondary sex characteristics
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Estradiol
Note: Is the naturally occuring female hormone in humans & animals |
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A female hormone that prepares the uterus for the reception of the ovum
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Progesterone
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Responsibilities of Progesterone
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1. The uterine changes characteristics of the first half of the menstrual cycle.
2. The development of the placenta (organ that enables the embryo to receive nourishment from the mother during pregnancy). 3. The maturation of the mammary glands 4. The multipication of the uterine muscle fibers. 5. The inhibition of uterine contraction. |
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Is the generic term referring to natural & synthetic agents that exert the biologic effect of estradiol
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Estrogen
Note: Is used to treat conditions such as sexual infantilism & senile vaginitis in perimenopausal women to provide a smooth transition during perimenopause |
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Examples of agents used to suppress lactation
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estradiol suspension, (IM)
estrone (Theelin), (IM) |
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A type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, urogenital dryness, & the prevention & treatment of osteoporosis
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Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)
Note: Recent studies have shown some increase in breast cancer & cardiovascular complications with the use of this therapy |
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Examples of Estrogen Replacement Therapy agents
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estrogens, conjugated (Premarin), (Oral, Vaginal)
esterified estrogen tablets, (Estratab), (Oral) |
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Example of Estrogen Agonist-Antagonist agent
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raloxifene hcl, (Evista)
Route(s): Oral Tx: For postmenopausal women |
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Agents that prevent pregnancy by virtue of their estrogen content
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Oral contraceptives
Note: Are contraindicated in patients with a history of: -Breast or genital cancer -Thrombophlebitis -MI or coronary artery disease -Pre-existing liver, kidney, or heart dysfuntion |
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Side effects of oral contraceptives
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Breast changes
Loss of scalp hair Dermatoses Headache Nervousness Thromboembolic disorders Emotional instability * An important side effect to remember: Oral contraceptive drugs are LESS EFFECTIVE when taken with ANTIBIOTICS. |
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Examples of oral contraceptives
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levonorgestrel plus ethinyl estradiol, (Triphasil)
levonorgestrel plus ethinyl estradiol, (Seasonale) |
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Examples of injectable & transdermal contraceptives
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medroxyprogesterone acetate, (Depo-Provera), (IM)
norelgestromin plus ethinyl estradiol , (Ortho Evra), (Transdermal) |
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Side effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate
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Menses may cease entirely or become irregular
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Disadvantage of using norelgestromin plus ethinyl estradiol
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Less satisfactory in warm, humid climates
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Example of emergency contraceptives
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ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel (Preven)
levonorgestrel plus ethinyl plus estradiol (Ovral) levonogestrel (Plan B) *Progestin-Only Regimen Note: High Doses of of a Combination Oral Contraceptive. The first dose should be taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse |
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Example of a drug that promotes ovulation
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clomiphene citrate, (Clomid)
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Is a synthetic, nonsteroidal compound that may be administered orally to promote ovulation in women who have been anovulatory
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clomiphene citrate (Clomid)
Note: This drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of liver disesase & those with abnormal uterine bleeding |
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Agents that are used as a uterine stimulant
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Oxytocic agents
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Side effects of agents that promote ovulation
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Blurred vision
Hot Flashes Abdominal discomfort Nausea & Vomiting Breast engorgement Headache Dizziness |
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Example of oxytocic agents
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oxytocin injection (Pitocin, Syntocinon)
ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate) methylergonovine maleate (Methergine) sodium chloride 20 % injection urea 40% to 50% injection(Carbamide) dinoprostone (Prostin E2) dinoprostone cervical gel (Prepidil) mifepristone (RU-486, Mifeprex) |
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An oxytocic agent that stimulates the uterine muscles & produces rhytmical contractions
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oxytocic injection(Pitocin, Syntocinon)
Route(s): IM, IV Note: Overdose may produce tetany It is contraindicated in the first stage of labor Must be given with great caution to patients with a cardiovascular disease or previous cesarean section |
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An oxytocic agent that is used for the tx of postpartum & postabortion hemmorhage
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ergonovine maleate (Ergotrate)
Route(s): Oral, IM, IV Side effect: May produce ergotism (a prolonged constriction of the blood vessels in other parts of the body) |
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An oxytocic agent that is preferred for patients with threatened eclampsia
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methylergonovine maleate(Prostin E2)
Route(s): Oral, IM, IV |
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An oxytocic agent that is useful in the induction of second trimester abortions
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sodium chloride 20% injection
Route(s): IV Side effects: Sensation of heat Thirst Mental confusion Urea Hypothermia |
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An oxytocic agent that induces fetal death & abortion
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urea 40% to 50% injection(Carbamide)
Route(s): IV Note: Pt should take fluids during the procedure to facilitate urea Nurse should monitor for signs of fluid & electrolyte imbalance during procedure |
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An oxytocic agent that is used intravaginally to induce abortion during second trimester of pregnancy
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dinoprostone (Prostin E2)
Route(s): Intravaginally |
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An oxytocic agent that is in pregnant women at or near term with a medical or obstetrical need for labor induction
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dinoprostone cervical gel (Prepidil)
Route(s): Endocervically |
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An oxytocic agent that is an oral abortifacient taken anytime before the eight week of pregnancy
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mifepristone (RU-486, Mifeprex)
Route(s): Oral |
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Is responsible for normal development of male reproductive tract and maintains the secondary sex characteristics
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testosterone
Note: It plays a role in the development of the penis, the seminal vesicles, & prostate gland & in the descent of the testes from the abdominal cavity It can also increase the resistance of the CNS to fatigue |
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What are the accessory sexual characteristics affected by testosterone?
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Development of penis
Depth of voice Distribution of facial and body hair Development of the masculine skeletal muscles. Confers sense of “well being” Restores mental equilibrium and energy. |
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What are the three therapeutic uses of testosterone?
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1. When a deficiency of the hormone is known
2. In females to treat certain ovarian dysfunctions 3. In females to treat breast engorgement & suppress lactation |
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Examples of commercially prepared testosterone used as hormone replacement therapy
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testosterone gel (Androgel), (transdermal)
Testosterone transdermal system (Androderm), (transdermal) |