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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
NOISE
Health effects of noise in the workplace 2 Safety effects of noise in the workplace 2 |
Health effects:
1. NIHL (noise induced hearing loss) - Permanent loss of hearing as a result from repeated exposure to high levels of noise. 2. Tinnitus - Persistent ringing in the ears Safety effects: Inability to hear (verbal Instructions, alarms, and sirens) Difficulty concentrating therefore more prone to make errors because of background noise. |
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One off exposures to high levels of noise (4+ hours) can cause? TTS
Repeated exposure results in sensory hairs not regenerating due to irreparable damage called? PTS |
TTS= Temporary threshold shift
PTS= Permanent threshold shift |
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Noise exposure control
3 types |
1. Reduce noise at the SOURCE
2. Interrupt the PATHWAY from source to receiver 3. Protect the RECEIVER (Acoustic haven and hearing protection) |
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Lower exposure limit?
Upper exposure limit? |
L - 80dB (A)
U - 85dB (A) |
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Engineering/Technical noise control specifically (ACRONYM)
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A.I.I.D.S
Absorption - Using absorbent material to line walls therefore minimising the REFLECTION of sound waves Insulation (Pathway) - Enclosing the sound source e.g noisy generator in own building (sound proof) Isolation (Pathway) - Minimising transmission of noise through VIBRATION (rubber mats or springs to interrupt pathway) Damping (at source) - Noise from RESONANCE of parts therefore tighten parts or add absorbent mats between parts Silencing (at source) - Suppressing noise from machine (Exhaust systems) |
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2 types of hearing protection
2 advantages for both 2 disadvantages for both |
Ear defenders
Advantages: -Easy to supervise and enforce use as visible -Less chance of ear infections Disadvantages: -Uncomfortable if worn for long time -Efficiency may be reduced by long hair, glasses, earrings Ear plugs Advantages: -Cheap and easy to use -Disposable Disadvantages: -Difficult to supervise/enforce use as they are hard to see -Risk of infection if dirty/cross contaminated when inserted |
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Noise health surveillance = Audiometry (this allows?)
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1. Identification of workers with:
-Pre existing hearing damage -New hearing damage (which may be work related) 2. Removal/exclusion of such workers from high noise areas (protecting them from further hearing loss) 3. Investigation of noise controls to identify and rectify problems (protecting others in the same work area) (All should be conducted by trained competent persons) Referral to medical practitioner in some cases. *Health surveillance at the start of employment to establish a baseline and periodically after that fro identification of new damage* |
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VIBRATION
Effects of exposure to vibration 2 |
1. Hand arm vibration syndrome - Symptoms include:
-Vibration white finger -Nerve damage (increased/decreased perception of heat and pain) -Muscle weakening (Grip and dexterity reduction) -Joint damage (Abnormal bone growth at joint) 2. Whole body vibration -Significant vibration dose to body via buttocks/feet/legs -Most significant effect = soft tissue damage of spine (intervertebral discs and vertigo) |
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Vibration controls
3 types |
Reduce vibration at SOURCE
Interrupt PATHWAY from source to receiver Limit DURATION of exposure of receiver Eliminate the source - Completely remove vibration source (mechanising the use of tools ie. jack hammer mounted to excavator arm) or changing work methods (clamping rather than welding) Substitute the source - Use a low vibration magnitude model of jack hammer for example. Isolation of pathway - Separating vibrating parts from users hands using anti-vibration mounts (e.g mount chain saw chassis to handles absorbing vibrations) Duration - Direct relationship between vibration dose and duration of exposure - half time = half dose. Therefore limit duration of work or change work schedule via job rotation. |
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5 types of Ionising radiation?
Health effects - 2 acute, 2 chronic? Controls for ionising radiation - 3 types? |
1. Alpha particles
2. Beta particles 3. X-rays 4. Gamma rays 5. Neutrons Health effects: Acute - Hair loss / radiation sickness - nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea Chronic - Cancer / Genetic mutations Controls: Time - Minimise duration of exposure (half time = half dose) Distance - Alpha/Beta short distance (paper) X-rays and gamma, double distance = quarter radiation (inverse square law) Shielding - Relatively thin shields for alpha/beta. Thick (lead) for x-rays and gamma |
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5 types of non-ionising radiation
Health effects 4 Controls 4 |
1. Ultra violet (UV)
2. Visible light 3. Infra-red (IR) 4. Microwaves 5. Radio waves Health effects from non-ionising radiation: Sunburn Increased risk of skin cancer Permanent eye damage from laser (Very intense visible light) Internal organ damage from microwaves Controls: Cover exposed skin (UV) Protect eyes (UV) Maintain safe distance (Micro waves/radio waves) Isolate (disconnect power) + Interlocking guards |
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STRESS
Causes of stress: |
1. DEMANDS - Excessive workload, deadlines and working hours/work patterns (e.g changing shift patterns) Also nature of the job - Some jobs inherently difficult e.g air traffic controller
2. SUPPORT - Lack of support in terms of information, instruction and training and having no one to turn to (manager) when pressure increases. 3. RELATIONSHIPS - Poor workplace relationships e.g bullying/harassment (manager, peers, subordinates) 4. CHANGE - Threat change to process (e.g demotion) or change to whole organisation (redundancies) creates huge anxiety and insecurities 5. PERSONAL ISSUES - Non-work related (bereavement, separation, family illness) |
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Effects of stress = 3 types + 1 example
Controls for: -Demands -Support -Relationships -Change -Personal issues |
1. Psychological = Anxiety
2. Physical = Sweating 3. Behavioural = Sleeplessness Demands: -No excessive demands -Reasonable deadlines -Consult with worker Support: -Provide adequate ITIS -Ensure availability of advice/support (usually management) Relationships: -Zero tolerance policy on bullying/harassment -Strict disciplinary procedures and team building exercise Change: -Minimise change if possible -Manage ‘rate of change’ if needed -Advance warning/communication of change Personal issues: -Counselling (in confidence) -Special time off considerations for family bereavement |