Hw Ch 14 & 15

Front 1

A Humans normal microbiota began to develop when?

Back 1

During birth

Front 2

The typical relationship between resident and transient microbiota is

Back 2

Antagonism

Front 3

This does NOT lead to a disease caused by a opportunistic pathogen

Back 3

Encounter with a dead animal

Front 4

(Clinical Case- typhoid fever)

How was the carrier identified

Back 4

Urine culture

Front 5

Clinical case

How was the carrier identified

Back 5

Urine culture

Front 6

(Clinical case)

What was the mortality rate?

Back 6

14%

Front 7

(Clinical case)

What was the reservoir for the disease

Back 7

Humans

Front 8

(Clinical case)

How could have this epidemic been stopped

Back 8

Educate the worker about personal hygiene

Front 9

(Clinical case)

What are the clinical signs & symptoms of typhoid

Back 9

Fever & rose spotted rash

Front 10

If an individual is a carrier of an infectious disease he is also

Back 10

Asymptomatic & infective

Front 11

Rabies is an example of zoonosis that is hard to control because

Back 11

It's reservoir contains both domestic and sylvatic animals

Front 12

This is an example of the parental route

Back 12

A person steps on a nail

Front 13

Infection & disease are not the same thing because

Back 13

One can be infected without showing any s/s of the disease

Front 14

A new drug blocks adhesions on the surface of a bacterial pathogen. What would be the likely effect of the drug

Back 14

It will prevent infection by this pathogen

Front 15

(Microbiology Animation)

What are leukocidins

Back 15

Molecules capable of killing phagocytes

Front 16

(M. Animation)

The Measles virus are capable of inactivating the host defenses by

Back 16

Surpressing the immune system

Front 17

(M. Animation)

Meningitis & gonorrhea are caused by

Back 17

Neisseria species

Front 18

(M. Animation)

How do superantigens enable pathogens to hide from the immune system

Back 18

They cause the immune system to produce an exaggerated response, distracting it from the actual pathogen

Front 19

(M. Animation)

How do capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system

Back 19

Capsules block the compliment binding sites on the surface of a pathogen

Front 20

(M. Animation)

How do capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system

Back 20

Capsules block the compliment binding sites on the surface of a pathogen

Front 21

Why did the 19th century conclusion for the cause of influenza contradict koch's postulates

Back 21

Because some flu victims had no H. Influenzae in their lungs

Front 22

A patients immune system is fully responsive during what stage of a disease

Back 22

At decline

Front 23

A patients immune system is fully responsive during what stage of a disease

Back 23

At decline

Front 24

As an asymptomatic individual ____ can still be detected

Back 24

Leukopenia

Front 25

In early years of microbiology, what was a major flaw in their experimental process

Back 25

They did not isolate pure cultures of the suspected agent

Front 26

What is NOT a reason that bacteria capsules are effective in the inhibition of Phagocytosis

Back 26

They contain chemicals that are lethal to phagocytes

Front 27

Fecal-oral infectionsare usually a result of

Back 27

Waterborne transmission

Front 28

Fecal-oral infectionsare usually a result of

Back 28

Waterborne transmission

Front 29

Ten patients contracted the same disease in the same hospital ward, what mode of transmission is most applicable

Back 29

Vehicle transmission

Front 30

Which type of diseases have the shortest time frame

Back 30

Acute

Front 31

Identification of the index case is important in what type of epidemiology

Back 31

Descriptive epidemiology

Front 32

Identification of the index case is important in what type of epidemiology

Back 32

Descriptive epidemiology

Front 33

In 100, 000 people, there are 100 new cases of syphilis in a population. What is the incident rate?

Back 33

100 per 100, 000

Front 34

What is the most effective way to reduce the number of health care associated infections

Back 34

Hand washing

Front 35

Humans have species resistance to feline immunodeficiency virus because

Back 35

Humans do not have the chemical receptors that are required for attachment

Front 36

Why are smokers more likely to have infections with respiratory pathogens

Back 36

Because Poisons in tobacco damage ciliated columnar cells

Front 37

What will happen if an animal who is raised in an axenic envirnment becomes exposed to a pathogen later in life

Back 37

The animal wool exhibit a poor immune response

Front 38

The skin and mucus membrane ate similar because

Back 38

Epithelial cells are packed closely together

Front 39

Tears contain the following antibacterial substance

Back 39

Lysozome

Front 40

This is a way that antimicrobial peptides are used in the 2nd line of defense

Back 40

They serve as chemotactic factors fir leukocytes

Front 41

Malfunctioning goblet cells would result in

Back 41

Increased respiratory infections

Front 42

Microbiologists have isolated a bacteria from the skin and susah to determine whether or not it's normal microbiota. What would NOT be good evidence for this

Back 42

The bacteria produces a number of virulent factors

Front 43

Because of the action of tears, potential pathogens will end up ____

Back 43

In the stomach

Front 44

Phagocytic cells associated with the epidermis are called

Back 44

Dendritic cells

Front 45

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets ate formed by a process called

Back 45

Hematopoiesis

Front 46

A differential white blood cell count shows elevated levels of eosinophils probably indicates

Back 46

Allergies

Front 47

From the steps listed for phagcytosis, what is the 3rd step

Back 47

Fusion of vesicles with lysozomes

Front 48

What is the Likely outcome if a microbe could prevent activation of C3

Back 48

The microbe would be uneffected by the complement

Front 49

Why is the alternative pathway of complement useful in the early stages of an infection

Back 49

Because it doesn't rely on the activation by antibodies

Front 50

What leukocyte is responsible for the immune response to helminths

Back 50

Eosinophils

Front 51

If a microbe where capable of preventing a phagosome from fusing with a lysozome, what would occur

Back 51

The microbe could survive inside the phagosome

Front 52

A human cell that maintains the antiviral state induced by alpha and beta interferons will die because

Back 52

It cannot make proteins

Front 53

The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___

Back 53

Vasodilation

Front 54

The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___

Back 54

Vasodilation

Front 55

The events of a fever are antagonistic to ___

Back 55

Vasodilation

Front 56

(Video tour virulent factors. The next 8 questions)

Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to

Back 56

Invade a hosts cell

Front 57

What type of toxin leads to the disruption of the gastrointestinal cells

Back 57

Enterotoxin

Front 58

A major difference between enough

Endo and Exotoxin is that ENDOtoxins are

Back 58

Physically a part of the bacterial structure

Front 59

A major difference between enough

Endo and Exotoxin is that ENDOtoxins are

Back 59

Physically a part of the bacterial structure

Front 60

The release of lipid A may lead to __

Back 60

Fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

Front 61

The release of lipid A may lead to __

Back 61

Fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

Front 62

Bacterial capsules work by ___

Back 62

Protecting the bacterium from engulfment

Front 63

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome

Back 63

A lysosome

Front 64

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome

Back 64

A lysosome

Front 65

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent phagocytic digestion by interfering with the fusion of ___ to the phagosome

Back 65

A lysosome

Front 66

A bacterium with more Virulence factors can

Back 66

They can More easily infect the host and cause disease

Front 67

Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots

Back 67

Blood clots can hide bacteria from the immune System

Front 68

Clinical case of legionella. The next 5 questions)

How would you classify the abrupt jump in cases of legionellas

Back 68

As an epidemic

Front 69

What type of epidemiological study was performed

Back 69

An analytical study

Front 70

What additional info would you request from those that survived workout getting the disease

Back 70

Ask their height and if the misters were on when they shopped for produce

Front 71

Is legionellosis contagious

Back 71

No

Front 72

What do we call the first person in a disease out break

Back 72

The index case

Front 73

(Microbiology Animation. Host defenses. Next 4 questions)

A response uniquely directly against pertussis would involve____

Back 73

Antibodies

Front 74

(Microbiology Animation. Host defenses. Next 4 questions)

A response uniquely directly against pertussis would involve____

Back 74

Antibodies

Front 75

The first line of defense have what in common

Back 75

They are all physical barriers against invading pathogens

Front 76

Both the innate and adaptive defenses work to prevent ___

Back 76

The penetration and colonization by pathogens and the disease they cause

Front 77

If a new pathogen entered the body what is the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen

Back 77

A phagocyte

Front 78

(Video tour. Inflammation. Next 8 questions )

Basophils, platelets and ___ are all capable of secreting histamines

Back 78

Mast cells

Front 79

These are indicators of inflammation

Back 79

Redness, heat, edema, pain

Front 80

Increased permeability of the vessels lead to ____ and pain

Back 80

Edema

Front 81

The process of blood clotting leads to formation of ____ a potent mediator of inflammation

Back 81

Bradykinin

Front 82

Histamines are released when mast cells are exposed to ___

Back 82

C3 A & C5 A

Front 83

Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin and histamine cause blood vessels to ___

Back 83

Vasodilate

Front 84

Leukocytes have the ability to cross a blood vessel wall and into tissues. This process is called __

Back 84

Diapedesis

Front 85

Acute inflammation will___

Back 85

Develope quickly, end quickly and is typically beneficial

Front 86

TCR's recognize only epitopes bound to

Back 86

MHC molecules

Front 87

MHC

Back 87

Major histocompatibility complex

Front 88

MHC 1 are only on

Back 88

All nucleated cells

Front 89

MHC 2 is only on

Back 89

B cells and APC's antigen presenting cells