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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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http://docs.google.com/File?id=dds4bmp3_6hxzwhdc9_b
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christ teaching the apostles, domatilla catacombs
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Factors in the growth and persecution of Christianity
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-christians scapegoat for persecution.
-roads help growth |
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gospel
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genre of literature. defined as The Good news, was also a narrative of Christ.
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edict of Milan
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order issued by Constantine for all people and especially for gov'ts and magistrates to grant tolerance to the Christians and to stop all persecutions
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Paul the apostle
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He was the primary person who aided in the spread of christianity.
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Early Christian music
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responsorial (congregation responding to the cantor)
antiphonal (cantor and congregation taking turns in chanting the psalm). Instrumental music rejected as unsuitable for the Christian liturgy. |
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Constantine
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First Christian emperor. He rebuilt Byzantium which he called nova Roma but it became the city of Constantinople--he moved kingdom of roman empire there
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Early Christian architecture
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Greek architecture focuses on the outside and making something great for all to see. Christian architecture focused on the inside
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Matthew’s audience
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Matthew wrote to the Jews in an attempt to convince them to believe in Christ; he emphasized Christ's Judeo lineage
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Confessions: St. Augustine
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1st authentic autobiography in the West. The Confessions was written in 397, it is a reflection of his sinful life before his conversion.
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Augustine
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Most influential of all early Church fathers.
Wrote City of God to counter attacks on Christians |
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role of the will
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The only thing we can give God
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perversio /conversio:
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to turn our will from God /to turn our will to God
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pear-tree episode-
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- Augustine
-Open rebellion. He chose to sin, he just wanted to sin. The lure of the forbidden;evil is done for its own sake |
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Byzantium/Constantinople
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New, western capital of Roman Empire. The Byzantuim Empire was renamed Constantinople after Emperor Constantine. It was strategically placed between Europe and Asia, a blending of Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian. They spoke Greek.
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Constantine-
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First Christian emperor. He rebuilt Byzantium which he called Nova Roma but it became the city of Constantinople--he moved kingdom of roman empire there. He put an end to the official policy of persecuting Christians.
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Justinian
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Famous ruler of the Byzantine Empire, he attempted to "restore the empire", under his rule many western territories were partially regained as well as the city of Rome from the rule of Muslims, he was very influential in building up the empire again
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Theodora
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Empress of the Byzantine Empire and wife of Emperor Justinian, was later made a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, most likely was the most powerful and influential woman in the history of the Byzantine Empire
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Hagia Sophia
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Church of the Holy wisdom, one of first buildings to use pendentives which allowed them to put a dome on a square building. largest cathedral/church for over 1000 years has been very well preserved despite the fact that the muslims plastered over all of the mosaics and other destructive things.
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pendentive
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Was the revolutionary architectural creation of the Christians that expanded upon the dome building techniques of the Romans. It was the piece that allowed them to place a round dome on a square building. They are triangular segments of a sphere which come down to the corners of the building.
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Ravenna
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Capitol of the Western Empire was moved to Ravenna in 402 AD. Both the Western and Eastern Churches claimed the city as theirs.
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tesserae-
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The individual pieces of the mosaic, each tile is its own tesserae, they are not perfectly shaped but many are close to square shaped. - made of tile, glass, gold foil.
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Byzantine art: characteristics-
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Remember the 4 Fs: Frontal, Formal, Flat, and Floating...was all very 2 dimensional, seems to be more symbolic represented by the animals which represent Matthew (Winged Human/Angel), Mark (Lion), Luke (Ox: Represented priesthood), and John (Eagle).
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central plan
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Christian building style of the Eastern church which was more circular and focused on a central or circular building plan.
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basilica plan-
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Building style of the Western church which was in the shape of a cross with the shorter end of the cross being were the front of the church where the clergy and choir sat.
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renascence-
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a short Renaissance, a temporary return to the arts and learning, sparked by Charlemagne
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monasticism
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the religious practice in which someone renounces worldly pursuits to fully devote their life to spiritual work.
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women & monasticism
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only chance for women to gain an education, possibly through writing, composing (Hildegard of Bingen) and painting
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Pope Gregory
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sponsored and codified early church music, called gregorian chant, plainchants or plainsongs
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Gregorian chant/plainsong
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no harmony, no accompaniment, monophonic, no rhythm, in latin, syllabic
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syllabic
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one note per syllable
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neumatic
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two or three notes per syllable
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melismatic
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many notes per syllable
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tropes
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a word, phrase, or verse used as embellishment in medieval liturgical chant-became like Greek dramas, developed into morality plays
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neums
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symbols of musical notation, such as dashes on paper
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Monk's vow, the ideals, written by St. Benedict
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chastity, poverty, obedience, stability
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Romanesque: characteristics:
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2 kinds of buildings were built: cathedral and castles. thick, heavy walls, few small windows, interior of Cathedral was dark and heavy - creates an impulse to kneel, interior filled with columns, lot of exterior sculpture, castles had battlements
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Church Militant
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clergymen were also soldiers; conversions of pagans at sword point; Military and Religious language merged; Army of God; Christian world must be expanded. Crusades. Onward christian soldiers
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feudalism
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the unorganized system of government. It was a pyramid of political power. King --> Tenets in chief --> knights --> peasants. Each one had less power, and had to be loyal to the previous. It became popular because of ideals of the time-focusing on oneself and not traveling/discovering other areas. it was very localized. Everyone stayed to themselves. Original "pyramid scheme"/ Loyalty=key.
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Crusades-
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Efforts and attempts to secure the holy land for the Christians, also served as efforts to stop the spread of Islam
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Charlemagne: contributions
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Charlemagne made great attempts at improving literacy and learning in his time, created a currency system, established trade and diplomatic relations with neighboring empires as well as many others. He caused a small break in the Dark Ages where learning and progression were present. He created a "new Athens"- schools teaching ancient learning, but with the truth of Christianity. He had his Palace at Aachen built.
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Age of Charlemagne
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Was considered a small break in the Dark ages,
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Charlemagne
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AKA King Father of Europe, Nicknamed himself King David.
---Song of Roland |
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Oliver
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Right hand man and best friend of Roland, Roland's Patroclus, was the one who advised Roland to blow the Olifant
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glove images
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Glove symbolizes loyalty and also somewhat of authority as well, he who receives the glove understands that he should do as the owner of the glove would do.(Charlemagne gives glove to Ganelon who lets drop to floor--an omen)
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arete and pietas of a Christian warrior
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Almost similar to Greeks: Death for the Church would result in paradise, to become a martyr was the greatest thing a Christian could do
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attitude toward pagans-
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There were no good pagans, everything about the pagans was bad, unimaginable, not even God loved the Pagans. The only 2 options for the pagans were to kill em or convert em.
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Abbot Suger
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Inventor of many of the Gothic characteristics. Saint Denis was his great work and was also a point of conflict because some saw the cathedral as too elaborate and expensive.
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St. Denis
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magnificent chapel but Suger urged people to not marvel at the Gold and materials but at the workmanship, let the building lead you to God.
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Gothic: characteristics-
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Less columns inside. Desire for verticality. Lots of stained glass which represents the illumination from God. Flying buttresses, Pointed arches, Large numerous stained glass windows, ribbed vaulting, pointed spires, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Emphasizes the Vertical, more open interior space. As you go from West to East building becomes more and more holy. labyrinth at entrance symbolizes the journey to get to God.
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scholasticism
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Thomas Aquinas was the most important figure of this age, it was an attempt of the christians to reconcile christian truth with reason and writings of Aristotle
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Thomas Aquinas
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A dominican friar who stressed the intellectual and doctrinal aspects of the church. His masterpiece was the Summa Thelogica
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Summa Theologica
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Means "Summary of Theology" - written by Thomas Aquinas. It was a manual of all the theologic views of Christianity at the time. Never finished cuz he died.
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Maryolatry
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is the worship of Mary. Was thought to be advantageous because she was a mother figure to Christ and thus the Godhead, she would be able to sway and convince them, she is a woman and thus more gentle, she was a mortal figure which means that she could relate to you and your problems. MARY AS A MEDIATOR.
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Chartres
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Cathedral in France with beautiful stained glass rose window. Blues & reds of window never reproduced anywhere else. Rose window comparable to mosaics. You can only read the window from the inside with light coming through. Remember that the light passing through the colored glass is a symbol of Christ for He passed through Mary's body without changing her from a virgin
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cathedral symbolism
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West: Entrance, the triumphal arch of God. East: The sacred direction and sacred part of cathedral, the sun and Son will rise. South: Scenes from the new testament, symbolic of light and warmth (the side that the sun hits) from the coming of Christ. North: Scenes from the Old testament (dark and cold) time before Christ's coming Pointed spires: Reason ends and faith begins Colored Light through the stained glass: Christ Clear light: God Buttresses: trust, lean on the Lord Gargoyles: evil fleeing the cathedral Entrance: Triumphal arch of Christ Towers: Sentinels Guarding the way Nave: Ship that will take you to God
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Bible of the Poor-
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another name for the stained glass windows, this was because the poor were illiterate, so they could look at the stained glass and see the pictures and stories and learn from them as the learned could learn from the bible.
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role of cathedral in Middle Ages-
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The cathedral was the center of all life in the middle ages. It was the focus of social, economic, governing, spiritual and all other aspects of life. This was because the church had so much power and everything was built out from the center cathedral. The most prominent businesses were close to it.
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pilgrimage-
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Journey to a sacred place (Jerusalem, Canterbury, Santiago de Compostela) in order to plead for divine help, to be healed , to show penance, to give thanks, and to ensure salvation. These were also important to the economy as people spent money as they traveled, they encouraged the arts and importance of relics.
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4 evangelists & symbols
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Matthew-man with wings Mark- Lion with wings Luke- Ox with wings John- Eagle
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troubadours, trouveres, minnesingers
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singers of the time usually knights and upper class who did more secular music
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motet-
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Musical composition developed in the 13th century, in which words were added to fragments of gregorian chant.
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Francis of Assisi
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Came from wealthy royal family in Italy, he was the founder of the Franciscan order, renounced the world and its goods, was the first to start and be of the mendicant order, had the stigmata, wrote the Hymn "All Creatures of Our God and King"
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stigmata-
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The 5 wounds of christ in the hands, feet and side.
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mendicant orders
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-francis of assisi
Traveling priests and monks that forsook the world and its possessions. they were poor and lived begging from the people for their food and care. Begging Brotherhoods. |
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Virgil
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Virgil was Dante's hero, he was the poet of the Roman Empire which was the society that Dante wanted to return because he thought that Christ's second coming would come faster if the conditions were like those when he came during the Roman Empire. He was the one who took Dante on his journey up until the point that reason and logic could take him no further which is when Beatrice took over.
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Beatrice
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The courtly love of Dante who he was obsessed with and the love for her consumed him and didn't allow him to have a good marriage with his wife. She was also the one that recommended the journey that inspired Dante to change his life. She met him at the top of purgatory where she was very stern and impatient with him for his lack of understanding and learning along the way
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terza rima
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this was the new rhyme pattern for poetry that Dante invented and used for the Divine Comedy.
It represented life, moving forward and backward |
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Brunetto Latini
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was a teacher of Dante who was in inferno because he was a homosexual. Dante bowed his head out of Reverence upon seeing him but didn't recognize him due to his burnt face. The punishment for sodomites was to wander in a barren desert with rain that fell as fire. The barren desert was symoblic of the steric act of homosexuality and the rain of fire was symbolic of the crime against nature as homosexuality is against nature.
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Guido da Montefeltro
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A chief of staff or head counselor to Pope Boniface VIII who advised him on how to gain advantage of over those who opposed him and the spread of his rule. Guido was very dishonest and sought to help Boniface spread his power.
**He then went to inferno for fraud and the lesson to be learned was that Planned repentance doesn't work. |
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limbo-
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Limbo was the time of waiting for those who were righteous and just but not Christians or were Christians but had not been baptized. This was between the underworld and Paradiso for them and there the souls would wait to see their fate.
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contrapasso
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the method of punishment for sins in which the punishment is directly related to the sin, also many times the punishment is the very sin that was committed and the punishment is that they have to live that sin forever in the underworld.
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Inferno
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Synonymous with HELL, this is were those who sinned and would not take responsibility for their sins and blamed them on their situations or on others. The famous saying is "abandon all hope all ye that enter here" this is because there is no hope and those who go to inferno will never see an end to their punishments.
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Purgatorio
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The place of suffering where the sinners who take responsibility go to pay for their sins. After they have paid for their sins they can be judged again and can be awarded a place in paradiso.
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Paradiso
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Souls are arranged on planets arranged according to their blessedness with no 2 levels being equal. Those who receive one of these rewards are perfectly happy with it.
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3 traitors
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traitors to the church and the empire were Judas Iscariot, Brutus and Cassius. Judas was in the center mouth was the traitor who betrayed Jesus and Brutus and Cassius were in the left and right mouths
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God-
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God is LIGHT and that words and his memory cannot describe more than that, he calls his vision of God a great flash of understanding. Described God and the trinity as the 3 interlocked circles.
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3 calamaties of 14th c.
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bubonic plague, 100 years war, the great schism-
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International Gothic Style
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use of architectural designs, bigger and more ornate (more extreme),
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Giotto
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revolutionary Florentine painter - focused on realism and naturalism which showed emotions in his faces --> a step towards the renaissance. (Madonna enthroned, and Lamentation)
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Simone Martini
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artist of the annunciation painting, The Annunciation - He was a gothic artist of the international style
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Limbourg Bros
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One of the last persons to use illuminated manuscripts (paintings on books, Gothic Style) , made a calendar for all the month
*REALISM |
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mass: 5 parts
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1. Kyrie Eleison (Lord have mercy on us)
2. The Gloria 3. Credo (Creed, Doctrine) 4. Sanctus and Benedictis (short hand based on the angelic praises found in Isaiah 6) 5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God) |
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Guillaume de Machaut
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Famous French Composer - wrote one of the first versions of the mass (The mese de Notre Dame) - Secular music
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foreshortening
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Form of Perspective - as the figure in the painting is drawn towards the viewer the object is modified in 3-D proportion. EX. Bad use of foreshortening - Jesus the Midget (lying on the table, remember?)
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Chaucer
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He and Dante were the greatest writers of the middle-ages, first English poet, established English as a literary language and primary expression of humanities (brought literature to the common English man),
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narrative frame
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story within a story, the big picture of all the characters - the pilgrimage to canterbury (used in Canterbury Tales), connected all of the characters and allowed them to tell their separate stories.
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General Prologue
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the introduction of the characters and it shows the stereotypes of the English people of the day, explained about them - made it easy to learn about Medieval society...Chaucer portrays the characters' weaknesses, but doesn't make a judgment, leaving it to the audience to judge.
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exemplum -
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Moral Tale
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Pardoner
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corrupt man, pockets the money from selling indulgences, hypocritcal preacher who has fake relics, he preaches against avarice but he is the epitome of greed and want of money.
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Death - in chaucer tales
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the young kids (in Chaucer) wanted to kill Death... sacriligious because Christ had already killed death.
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attitude toward clergy
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ll the churchmen and clergy are corrupt - they are hypocritical in the sins they preach against. The golden iron rusting - the clery is the gold, the people the iron - if the clery are rusting, the people will be corrupt as well.
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Radix malorum est cupiditas
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Greed is the root of evil
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Petrarch
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often called the father of Renaissance, he went to greece and rome, found the classics, and returned them. Classical thought had not been correctly passed through the middle ages, the 1st european to correctly interpret the classics. He found Greek Humanism and converted it to Christian elements.
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Canzoniere
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the name of the sonnets
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Laura
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Petrarch's courtly love. He wrote the sonnets to Laura. He wrote 366 sonnets to her. - canzonieres
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Petrarchan sonnet
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14 lines, split into 8 then 6.
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conceits of courtly love
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the man obsessed with the woman far above his status - caught Petrarch off guard and took total control of him ---
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Mt. Ventoux
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Mountain petrarch claimed - he kept taking the easier path which ended being the harder path. Don't take the easy path, but you just have to go straight up. He learned to put his will on God and not his own will. (Take God's path, not yours)
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Petrarch role as a humanist
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He resurrected humanism combined with christianity - the Dignity of Man with God's power - the perfectablity of humanity and their power to achieve. A practical way of living - doing good is more important than studying
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role of Florence
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Center of Renaissance - where it began - Economically sound place in the 15th century - The Medici family and their power in society. They had the money to hire artists and musicians, etc
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sfumato
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he smoky, hazy look of DaVinci's paintings - the background of his paintings, originally obscure, artists intention, soft focus, no hard lines, blend, low contrast...
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chiaroscuro
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the contrast between dark and light. Helps make it easy to know where your eyes should be focused. Artists' choice.
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humanism
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they continued with the Christian idea. God is the measure of all things, rather than man, man chooses his destiny.
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Pico della Mirandola
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first author of humanism, renaissance philosopher, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man.
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Palestrina
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Choirmaster of St. Peters, was in charge of all Vatican music during his time. Composer who returned traditional church music. italien
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fresco
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painting on a wall done with wet plaster. The paint would sink into the wall and become a permanent part of it. A good example of this is the Sistine wall painted by Michelangelo.
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Donatello
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before Michelangelo - Renaissance sculptor
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Brunelleschi
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fixed the dome on the Florence Cathedral, one of the participants of the sculpting competition, obsessed with perspective
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Renaissance Man - proficient in a lot of fields, dissected human bodies (with physiological purposes), studied human proportions within artwork, elevator, mathematician, engineer, painter
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Michelangelo
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specified in sculpting the nude male, David, painter as well - the Sistine Chapel (must see), worked for the pope, wrote poetry
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High Renaissance:
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Where: Rome, When: 16th Century, What: 1503 Pope Julius 2, Who:Michelangelo and Raphael Why: Vatican became center of stability and wealth-patronage
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Rome
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Rome is the center of the High Renaissance, All roads lead to Rome, Rich people (humanists), and also center of commerce; replaced Florence as the center of growth and culturalization.
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patronage
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A patron commissioned an artist to paint or sculpt. The church was the biggest patronage of music, private courts for the finest musicians, concerts were performed for aesthetic and religious purposes. Medici family was a great source of this patronage but when they lost power toward the end of the 15th century the Renaissance moved to Rome and the area around the Vatican.
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Michelangelo :
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Painted sistine chapel and would rather sculpt male nudes. Made females look like men --> architect of St. Peter's Basilica - considered himself a sculptor (despite his extraordinary painting ability)
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Josquin des Prez-
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most popular composer of the Renaissance - bridge between the middle age and Renaissance music.
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Venetian art :
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changed to oil painting. brighter color
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Giorgione
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venetian artist, used oil painting; Le Concert Champetre
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Mannerism
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Style of painting that had no central focus, everything is off- perspective, positions etc
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fortuna
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chance, luck; rules our lives about half the time
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virtu
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effectiveness, strength of arms, will and mind “the ability to measure oneself”
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fox & lion
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she compared this to Odysseus & Achilles. this formula not to be used in all cases, used when one has wicked subjects.
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love vs. fear
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as a leader should have both but if one needs to decide choose fear.
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purpose of the work- The Prince
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o unite a strong Italy; trying to teach Medici: to teach one to be the the kind of Prince who could keep invaders out of the Italy and bring unity and peace to the country.
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