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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
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Brain & Spinal Cord
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What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?
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Spinal Nerves & Cranial Nerves
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Functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
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–Subconsciously regulate your
internal environment by neural means –Experience emotions –Voluntarily control your movements –Be aware of your body and surroundings –Engage in other higher cognitve processes such as thought and memory |
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Brain Components
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Midbrain, Forebrain, & Hindbrain
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Cerebrum
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-Largest portion of brain
-Divided into 2 halves: Right and Left Cerebral Hemispheres -Connected by Corpus callosum -Inner core houses basal nuclei |
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Cerebral Cortex
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-Outer shell of grey matter that covers each hemisphere
-Central core of white matter -Each half is divided into 4 major lobes: Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, and Frontal |
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Frontal Lobe
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Contain the Motor cortices
-Voluntary movement of skeletal muscle |
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Parietal Lobe
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Contain the Somatosensory cortices
-Perception of senses (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain) |
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Temporal Lobe
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Auditory Cortex
-perception and interpretaion of auditory information |
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual Cortex
-Perception and interpretaion of visual images |
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Brain: Left Hemisphere
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-Usually dominant
-Language -Analyitcal Ability |
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Brain: Right Hemisphere
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Spacial comprehension
(reading facial expressions) |
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Broca’s Area
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Coordinates complex fine‐motor functions involved in speech (control of tongue, lips, etc.)
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Wernicke’s Area
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Responsible for ability to comprehend language and formulate words
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Broca’s Aphasia
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-Speech is poorly articulated
-Understand what is spoken, but have difficulty responding |
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Wernicke’s Aphasia
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-Speak easily, using real and made‐up words
-Can’t understand spoken or written language -Thus, oral and written language (hearing and vision) must project to Wernicke’s area -Wernicke’s area projects to Broca’s |
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Limbic System
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-Group of cerebral nuclei
-Functions Emotions Aggression Fear Sex drive and behavior Goal-Directed Behavior • Reward and punishment |
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Short Term Memory
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(<30 sec)
-Hippocampus required for retention |
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Long Term Memory
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(>30 sec)
-Non-declarative: memory of simple skills and conditioning -Declaraitve: memory of facts and events -Storedin various regions |
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Basal Ganglia
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Primary functions:
-Inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body -Modifying ongoing activity in motor pathways -Release Dopamine |
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Brain Stem
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Consists of:
-medulla -pons -midbrain |
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Reticular Formation
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-Network of neurons in medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus
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Medulla Oblongata
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Contains:
Cardiac Center -regulates HR and contractile force Respiratory Center -regulates respiration Vasomotor Center -controls blood vessel diameter and blood pressure |
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Cerebellum
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-2nd largest structure in brain
-Planning, initiating, and timing motor movements -Plays key role in learning skilled motor tasks |
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Spinal Cord Structure
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-White matter forms the outer surface of the spinal cord
-Gray matter forms interior -Spinal nerves join with spinal cord through spinal nerve roots |
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Dorsal Root
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-Carry afferent axons into the spinal cord
-Dorsal root ganglion Contains afferent cell bodies |
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Ventral Root
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-Carry efferent axons out of spinal cord
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Ascending tracts (Spinal Cord)
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-Carries sensory information up to the brain
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Descending Tracts (Spinal Cord)
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-Carries sensory information down from the brain
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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-Technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body
-Brain metabolism -Injection of radionucleotide tracer |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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-Protons (H+) are charged and spin
-Use of magnet |
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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-Brain Waves
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Cranial Nerves
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-12 Pairs
-Arise from Brain -Carry sensory, motor, or both |
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Spinal Nerves
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-31 pairs named by location
-Spinal nerves join with spinal cord through spinal roots (Dorsal and Ventral Root) -Contain both motor and sensory functions |
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Somatic nervous system
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-Voluntary
-Innervates skeletal muscle |
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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-Involuntary
-Innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, exocrine/endocrine glands, and adipose tissue |
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Adrenal medulla
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-modified part of sympathetic nervous system
-Stimulation of preganglionic fiber prompts secretion of hormones into blood |
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Photoreceptors
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-Visible wavelengths of light
-Responsive to visible wavelengths of light |
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Mechanoreceptors
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-mechanical energy
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Osmoreceptors
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-solute concentration
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Chemoreceptors
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-specific chemicals
-Smell, Taste -O2, CO2 |
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Tonic Receptors
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-Do not adapt at all or adapt slowly
-CNS must continually get info. about degree of muscle length & joint position |
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Phasic Receptors
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-Rapidly adapting receptors
-No longer responds to maintained stimulus -Important to signal a change in stimulus intensity, rather than relay status quo information •Tactile (touch) receptors in skin |
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Perception
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-Conscious interpretation of external world derived from sensory input
-Pattern of nerve impulses delivered to brain |
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Sensation vs Perception
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Sensation=Collection of Information
Perception=Interpretationof what it sensed |
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Taste Pore
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-Opening through which fluids in mouth come into contact with surface of receptor cells
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Taste Receptor Cells
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-Modified epithelial cells
-Plasma membrane contain receptor sites that bind selectively with chemical molecules |
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Tastant
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Taste provoking chemical
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Primary Tastes
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Salty: Stimulated by chemical salts, especially NaCl
-Sour: Caused by acids which contain a free hydrogen ion, H+ -Sweet: Evoked by configuration of glucose -Bitter: Brought about by more chemically diverse group of tastants -Umani: Meaty or savory taste |
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Otoliths
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-crystals found in gelatinous substance covering stereocilia
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Sound
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-Vibration of molecules in medium
-Frequency determines pitch -Amplitude determines loudness |
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External & Middle Ear
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-Transmit sound waves to fluid-filled inner ear, amplifying sound energy
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Inner Ear
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-Cochlea: Contains receptors for conversion of sound waves into nerve impulses
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Iris
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-Controls amount of light entering eye
-Contains sets of smooth muscle networks: Circular (or constrictor) muscle & Radial (or dilator) muscle -Pigment in iris is responsible for eye color -Varied flecks and lines are unique for each individual |
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Pupil
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-Round opening through which light enters the eye
-Size of opening is adjusted by variable contraction of the iris muscles to admit more or less light as needed |
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Accommodation
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-Ability to adjust strength of lens
-Depends on shape; regulated by ciliary muscle -Increases strength of lens for near vision -Change in strength and shape of lens -Accomplished by action of ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments -Ciliary muscle: part of ciliary body -Age-related reduction in accommodation ability -presbyopia |
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Retinal Layers
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-Outermost layer= rods and cones
-Middle layer=bipolar cells -Inner layer =ganglion cells |
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Photoreceptors
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-Outer segment: Detects light stimulus
-Inner segment: Metabolic machinery of cell -Synaptic terminal: Transmits signal generated to next cells in visual pathway |
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Dark Adaptation
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-Can gradually distinguish objects as you enter a dark area
-Due to the regeneration of rod photopigments that had been broken down by previous light exposure |
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Light Adaption
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-Can gradually distinguish objects as you enter an area with more light
-Due to the rapid breakdown of cone photopigments |
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Permissiveness
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-One hormone must be present for full exetion of another hormones effect
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Functions of the Endocrine System
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-Regulate organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance
-Induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations -Promote smooth, sequential growth and development -Control reproduction -Regulate red blood cell production -Along with autonomic nervous system, control and integrate both circulation and the digestion and absorption of food |
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Nonpolar Hormones
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-Steroids
• Derivatives of cholesterol • Produced by adrenal cortex gonads -Thyroid hormones •Derived from tyrosine •Produced by thyroid gland |
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Polar Hormones
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-Catecholamines
-Polypeptides, proteins |
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ADH (Anti‐Diuretic Hormone, or Vasopressin)
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-Increases reabosorbtion of H2O in the Kidneys
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Oxytocin
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-Uterine contraction during childbirth
-milk letdown during breast feeding -male function unclear |
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Adrenal Cortex
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-Outer portion
-Secretes steroid hormones |
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Adrenal Medulla
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-Inner portion
-Secretes catecholamines |
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Permissiveness
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-One hormone must be present for full exetion of another hormones effect
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Adrenal Steroid: Mineralocorticoids
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-Mainly aldosterone
-Influence mineral balance, specifically Na+ and K+ balance |
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Functions of the Endocrine System
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-Regulate organic metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance
-Induce adaptive changes to help body cope with stressful situations -Promote smooth, sequential growth and development -Control reproduction -Regulate red blood cell production -Along with autonomic nervous system, control and integrate both circulation and the digestion and absorption of food |
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Adrenal Steroid: Glucocorticoids
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-Primarily cortisol
-Major role in glucose metabolism and protein and lipid metabolism |
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Nonpolar Hormones
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-Steroids
• Derivatives of cholesterol • Produced by adrenal cortex gonads -Thyroid hormones •Derived from tyrosine •Produced by thyroid gland |
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Polar Hormones
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-Catecholamines
-Polypeptides, proteins |
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ADH (Anti‐Diuretic Hormone, or Vasopressin)
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-Increases reabosorbtion of H2O in the Kidneys
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Oxytocin
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-Uterine contraction during childbirth
-milk letdown during breast feeding -male function unclear |
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Adrenal Cortex
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-Outer portion
-Secretes steroid hormones |
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Adrenal Medulla
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-Inner portion
-Secretes catecholamines |
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Adrenal Steroid: Mineralocorticoids
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-Mainly aldosterone
-Influence mineral balance, specifically Na+ and K+ balance |
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Adrenal Steroid: Glucocorticoids
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-Primarily cortisol
-Major role in glucose metabolism and protein and lipid metabolism |
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Adrenal Steroid: Androgens (Sex hormones)
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-Identical or similar to those produced by gonads
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Aldosterone
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-Principal action site is on distal and collecting tubules of the kidney
-Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by kidneys -Regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely independent of anterior pituitary control |
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Cortisol
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-Stimulates gluconeogenesis
-Stimulates protein degradation -Facilitates lipolysis -Plays key role in adaptation to stress -Anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects •Long-‐term use can result in unwanted side effects -Displays a characteristic diurnal rhythm -Secretion •Regulated by negative‐feedback loop involving hypothalamic CRH and pituitary ACTH |
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Type I diabetes
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-Characterized by lack of insulin secretion
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Type II diabetes
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-Characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin's target cells
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Anabololism (Regulation of Metabolism)
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-During Meals
-Process Occurring: Triglyceride Formation Glycogen Formation Protein Synthesis |
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Catobolism (Regulation of Metabolism)
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-Between meals
-Needed for: -Processes occurring Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Lipolysis Ketogenesis |
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Hyposecretion (Endocrine Dysfunction)
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-Too little hormone is secreted
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Hypersecretion (Endocrine Dysfunction)
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-Too much hormone is secreted
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Hyporesponsiveness (Endocrine Dysfunction)
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-Reduced response of the target cells
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Primary disorders (Endocrine Disorders)
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Defect in the cells that secrete the hormone
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Secondary disorders (Endocrine Disorders)
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-Too much or too ligle tropic hormone
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