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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cholesterol
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• A multi-ringed structure
• Does not have a glycerol backbone • Waxy substance • Does not readily dissolve in water • Cholesterol is a sterol • Essential component of cell membrane • Produced by the liver • Found only in animal products • Forms important hormones – Estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D • Precursor to bile acids (helps with fat digestion) |
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Essential amino acids
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The 9 out of 20 amino acids the human body cannot make, so the human must consume them.
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Hydrogenation
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Addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond, producing a single carbon-carbon bond with two hydrogens attached to each carbon, of unsaturated fatty acids in a vegetable oil increases its hardness, so process is used to convert liquid oils into more solid fats, used in making margarine and shortening, trans fatty acids are a by-product of this process in vegetable oils.
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High-density lipoproteins
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In blood, picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other LP in the blood stream, as well as directly to the liver; low HDL increases risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Low-density lipoprotieins
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In blood, containing primarily cholesterol; elevated LDL is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease risk.
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Protein functions
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• Enzymes: Trypsin, Pepsin
• Storage: Ovalbumin, Ferritin • Transport: Hemoglobin • Contractile: Actin, Myosin • Protective: Antibodies, Thrombin • Hormones: Insulin, Growth hormone • Structural: Keratin, Collagen, Elastin |
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Energy density
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Comparison of calorie content to weight of food, salad is low in ED.
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Nutrient density
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Comparison of vitamin & mineral content to number of calories.
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Lipase
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Fat-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands, stomach, and pancreas.
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Omega 3 fatty acids
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Unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end.
Includes: - Salmon, mackerel, herring, trout, tuna - Oyster Non-fish sources – Flaxseed, canola, soy oils – Walnuts, beans/peas |
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Glucose
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Six-carbon sugar that exists in a ring form; found as such in blood and in table sugar bound to fructose; also known as dextrose, it is one of the simple sugars; must be maintained in the blood (can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia).
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Monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates include simple sugars:
6 carbon sugars glucose fructose MONOSACCHARIDES galactose 5 carbon sugars ribose deoxyribose |
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Kilocalorie
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Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (1 L) of water 1 degree Celsius; also written as Calories.
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Triglycierides
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Major form of lipid in the body and in food; composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
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Type 2 diabetes
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Genetic link
Associated with obesity Non-insulin dependent to start Accounts for majority of cases of DM Defective insulin receptors on the cells Over secretion of insulin to compensate Leads to beta cells failure Treatment: medication and diet therapy (weight loss) |
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Lactase
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Enzyme made by absorptive cells of the small intestine; digests lactose to glucose and galactose.
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Epinepherine
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Hormone known as adrenaline; released by the adrenal glands (located on each kidney) and various nerve endings in the body. Acts to increase glycogen breakdown in the liver, among other functions.
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Limiting amino acid
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When necessary amino acids are
present, protein synthesis occurs • If even one necessary amino acid is missing, protein synthesis stops = Specific amino acid present in the lowest quantity compared to need |
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Fiber
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Substances in plant foods not digested by the processes that take place in the human stomach or small intestine; add bulk to feces.
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fluoroquinolones
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ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, nalidixic acid (quinolone)
inhibits DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II); bactericidal. don't take with antacids (just like tetracycline) use: gram (-) rods of urinary and GI tract, neisseria, gram (+) organisms. toxicity: GI upset, superinfections, skin rashes, headache, dizziness. Teratogenic. tendonitis and tendon rupture in adults. leg cramps and myalgias in kids. Moxifloxacin SE Torsade de pointes |
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Heart disease risk
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• Family history
• Smoking (even second hand) • High blood pressure • High blood cholesterol (hyperlipidemia) – >200 mg/dl of total cholesterol – HDL < 40 mg/dl • Diabetes • Lack of regular exercise and obesity |
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Insulin and glucagon
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1. Released when blood glucose is high
Promotes glycogen synthesis Increases glucose uptake by the cells Reduces gluconeogenesis Net effect: lowers the blood glucose 2. Breakdown glycogen Enhances gluconeogenesis Net effect: raises blood glucose |
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Peptide bonds
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• Bond formed between amino acids
• Result of the reaction of an amino group (-NH2) of one with an acid group (-COOH) of another • Strong, not normally broken by cooking |
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RDA
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Meets the needs of ~97% of all individuals
Set ~20% above what an average person needs Accommodates for people with higher needs RDAs, by definition, are generous allowances Set for only 19 nutrients |
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Glycogen
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Storage form of CHO for animals and human
Structure similar to starch More sites for enzyme action Found in the liver and muscles |
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Amylase
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Starch-digesting enzyme produced by the salivary glands or pancreas.
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Disaccharides
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“Simple sugars”
Maltose (Gluc + Gluc) Fermentation Alcohol production Sucrose (Gluc + Fruc) Sugar Lactose (Galactose + Gluc) Milk products |
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Balance/Variety/Moderation
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Balance daily food choices
– Choose a variety of different foods – Practice moderation |
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Soluble / insoluble fiber
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1. Pectin
Lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar (diabetes) Fruit, vegetable, rice bran, psyllium husk, flax seed 2. Cellulose Vegetables, fruit skins, corn bran, seed and nuts Move bulk through the intestines, promotes regularity Control and balance pH in the intestine – reduce colon cancer? |
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Type 1 diabetes
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Genetic link
Decreased release of insulin Insulin dependent Hyperglycemia Immunological disorder Early introduction of cow’s milk |