Human Development Lectures 1 - 4

Front 1

What are the three domains (what changes and what stays the same, perhaps on a continuum) in Human Development?

Back 1

1. Physical Development. The growth of body and organs (e.g., brain, physical signs of ageing, changes in motor abilities);

2. Cognitive Development. Perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving, mental processes;

3. Psychosocial Development. Personal and interpersonal aspects of development (e.g., motives, emotions, personality traits)

Front 2

Physical Development?

Back 2

The growth of body and organs (e.g., brain, physical signs of ageing, changes in motor abilities);

Front 3

Cognitive Development?

Back 3

Perception, language, learning, memory, problem-solving, mental processes;

Front 4

Psychosocial Development?

Back 4

Personal and interpersonal aspects of development (e.g., motives, emotions, personality traits)

Front 5

Why Study Child Development?

Back 5

1. Raising children effectively (study child norms)

2. Choosing social policies (eg. child testimony, maltreatment and abuse, child custody - child can have some say)

3. Understanding human nature (effects of early deprivation)

Front 6

Was Plato nature or nurture?

Back 6

Nature

Front 7

Was Aristotle nature or nurture?

Back 7

Environment

Front 8

Was John Locke nature or nurture?

Back 8

Environment – child is a blank slate

Front 9

Was Jean-Jaques Rousseau nature or nurture?

Back 9

Nature? children should be given maximum freedom from the beginning. They learn from spontaneous interactions with objects and people.

Front 10

What's a historical social reform movement for children's rights?

Back 10

Earl of Shaftesbury – children under 10 should not work in mines.

Front 11

Some theorists who used their own children as case studies?

Back 11

Darwin, Piaget,

Front 12

3 big names in Psychology

Back 12

Binet: measurement of IQ;

Sigmund Freud: psychoanalytic theory;

John Watson: behaviourist theory.

Front 13

What are the main themes of the lectures?

Back 13

Nature vs Nurture

Activity vs Passivity

Continuity vs Discontinuity (cog dev = 'ah ha moments)

Mechanisms of Developmental Change

Universality vs Context Specificity

Individual differences (outliers, etc)

Research and children’s welfare

Front 14

What four areas are Nature HDists are interested in?

Back 14

1. heredity

2. maturation

3. genes

4. innate/biological based systems

Front 15

What four areas are Nurture HDists are interested in?

Back 15

1. environment

2. learning

3. experience

4. cultural influences

Front 16

In HD, who was a revolutionary psychologist who raised the issue of culture as an important and differentiating aspect of HD?

Back 16

A Russian-born American Psychologist – Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917 – 2005)

Came up with the Bio-Ecological Model (think Babushska Doll)

Front 17

What were the five levels in Bronfenbrenner's model?

Back 17

1. Microsystem

2. Mesosystem

3. Exosystem

4. Macrosystem

5. Chronosystem

Front 18

What is the Microsystem?

Back 18

immediate physical & social environment (e.g., the parents, grandparents, child-care centre).

Front 19

What is the Mesosystem ?

Back 19

interrelationships or linkages between two or more microsystems (e.g., problems a teenager experiences at school may affect home life).

Front 20

What is the Exosystem ?

Back 20

linkages involving social systems individuals do not experiences directly (e.g., changes in the parents’ workplaces may affect home life).

Front 21

What is the Macrosystem?

Back 21

larger cultural context in which microsystem, mesosytem and exosystem are embedded (e.g., cultural beliefs, customs, laws etc.).

Front 22

What is the Chronosystem? (you can't compare your grand-parents at age ten, with you at age ten)

Back 22

changes in people and their environments occurring across time (e.g., attitudes to child-rearing in the 20th century compared to present day).

Front 23

What are the three underpinnings of a good theory?

Back 23

1. Internally consistent

2. Falsifiable

3. Supported by data

Front 24

What is the Scientific Method model?

Back 24

Front 25

What are Three major methods of data collection?

Back 25

1. Verbal Reports;

2. Behavioural Observations;

3. Physiological Measurements.

Front 26

What are the pros and cons of Verbal Report?

Back 26

ProsQuestions are asked in exactly the same order so responses can be directly compared.

ConsCannot be used with infants and young children;Different ages understand the questions differently;Participants represent themselves in a positive or socially desirable light.

Front 27

What are the pros and cons of Behavioural Observation?

Back 27

ProsInfants and young children who lack verbal skills for questionnaires can be studied.

ConsSome behaviours (e.g., heroic effort to help in emergencies) occur infrequently and unexpectedly;Difficult to isolate the cause of the behaviour as many events happen at the same time;Presence of an observer may affect behaviour.

Front 28

What are the pros and cons of Physiological Measurements?

Back 28

ProsCan determine which areas of the brain are involved in particular cognitive activities;Hard to fake results.

ConsVery expensive and time-consuming (particularly fMRI);Not always clear what is being assessed.

Front 29

What are the Three main methods used in developmental research?

Back 29

1. The Case Study;

2. Experimental Method;

3. Correlational Method

Front 30

What are four other types of methods for studying something over time?

Back 30

cross-sectional (cohort effects can confound results)

longitudinal

sequential (mix of cross-section and longitudinal)

microgenetic (good to observe problem-solving)

Front 31

Who were two psychoanalytic theorists?

Back 31

Freud (he focused on the unconscious mind as well)

Erikson

Front 32

Who were two behavioural theorists?

Back 32

•ClassicalConditioning – Watson;•Operant Conditioning- Skinner;Social LearningTheory - Bandura

Front 33

Who were two cognitive theorists?

Back 33

•Piaget’scognitive-developmental theory;•Vygotsky’ssociocultural theory;Informationprocessing perspectivesЄ嶁.

Front 34

Who were two system theorists?

Back 34

•Ethological andEvolutionary Theories - Gottlieb;•The Bioecological Model - Bronfenbrenner.

Front 35

Freud's terminology?

Back 35

psychosexual

•Id: The earliest and most primitive of thepersonality structures, ruled by the pleasure principle (to obtain maximalpleasure as quickly as possible). Standsfor “untamed passions.”•Ego: The mind’s link to the external world ofreality. Stands for “reason and good sense.”•Superego: The conscience that enables a child tocontrol behaviour and developmorally. The superego develops through internalization of parents’ standards.

Front 36

What are Freud's Five stages ofpsycho-sexual development from birth to maturity?

Back 36

•Oral: 0 - 18 months

•Anal: 18 - 36 months

•Phallic: 3 – 6 years

•Latency: 6 years - puberty (GOLDEN AGE for learning)

•Genital: puberty →

Front 37

What are Erikson's eight stages of development over life?

Back 37

1. Basictrust vs. Mistrust

2. Autonomyvs. Shame and Doubt (Start taking risks, but they are RISKY)

3. Initiativevs. Guilt (LAWYERS come out)

4. Industryvs. Inferiority

5. Identityvs. Role Confusion

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

8. Integrity vs. Despair

Front 38

Were learning theories continuous or discontinuous in theme?

Back 38

Continuous

(the psychoanalytic theories/conjectures were in stages, ie. discontinuous)

Front 39

Who was the king of the Behaviourists?

Back 39

John Watson

Front 40

What is Skinner's Operant Conditioning?

Back 40

That you repeat behaviours that lead to favourable outcomes and you avoid behaviours that lead to unfavourable outcomes

Front 41

Children love getting attention regardless of whether it is good or bad, so what can you do to operantly condition them not to misbehave?

Back 41

Don't tell them off unless it's really serious.

Super nanny has the "naughty step" - time out behaviour management strategy

Front 42

What did Skinner say about Extinguishing behaviour

Back 42

•Skinner showed the difficulty of extinguishing behaviour that has beenintermittently reinforced (that is, sometimes rewarded and sometimes not).

Front 43

What did Bandura study with the Bobo Doll?

Back 43

vicariousreinforcement of behaviours, as in childen were learning whether a behaviour is acceptable or not depending on whether the adult was punished or rewarded

Front 44

What is Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism?

Back 44

The way in which children have an active role in their own development (eg. violent computer games)

Front 45

What are the states of movement in Adaptation (in learning HM)?

Back 45

equilibrium > disequilibrium > equilibrium

Front 46

What are the two processes of Adaptation (Learning)?

Back 46

Assimilation

or

Accomodation

Front 47

What are Piaget's 4 stages of development?

Back 47

1. The Sensori-Motor Stage (birth - 2 years) - Intentional actions and Object permanence

2. The Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 years) - Centration (eg. orange, balls, balloons = these are "round" - important to have for learning language) , States vs Transformations (eg. water jug, which has more water? Tall one - even though they both have sound amount of water), Non-reversible thought, Ego-centrism (eg. which mountain is closest to the doll?)

3. Concrete Operations - Logical Thought (7-12 yrs)

4. Formal Operations (12-13 yrs onwards)

Front 48

What is the focus on Systems Theories?

Back 48

Focus: Interactions between humans and the contexts in which they develop. Often described as dynamic systems as the interactions are ongoing across the life span

Front 49

What are some system theories?

Back 49

Ethology - objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait (eg. "imprinting")

Evolutionary Psych

epigenetic psychobiological systems perspective (Gilbert Gottlieb) - To turn on or off genetics by interacting with environmental factors (nature/nurture interactionism)