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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The scientific method involves five basic steps: ____.
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identify a question to be investigated; form a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design; collect data to test the hypothesis; and draw conclusions that lead to new questions and hypotheses
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A ____ is the researcher's idea about one possible answer to the question of interest.
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hypothesis
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Whose theory is not a stage theory of human development, but rather a theory that focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment?
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Bronfenbrenner
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A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____.
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does not imply causation
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In an experiment, what group does NOT receive the treatment?
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control group
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Which of the following best describes a debriefing within scientific research?
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Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.
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What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?
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developed countries
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____ includes an individual's educational level, income level, and occupational status.
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Socioeconomic status
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Which theory of human development has endured better?
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Erikson's psychosocial theory
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____ is the number of births per woman.
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Total fertility rate
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Qualitative data is ____, whereas quantitative data is ____.
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non-numerical; numerical
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Which of the following is usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines?
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Institutional Review Board
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According to the text, infertility rates have remained constant over the past century at the rate of ____.
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10–15%
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During the embryonic period, the ectoderm is formed, which will become the ____.
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skin, hair, nails, sensory organs and nervous system
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Rashid and Varsha are seeking fertility treatment and were informed by their physician that Rashid's sperm count is low and the quality is poor. Which of the following suggestions were made to help increase his sperm production and quality?
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Quit smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, and do not abuse drugs.
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How is infertility defined?
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inability to conceive after trying for a year
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____ uses high-frequency sound waves that are directed toward the uterus, and as they bounce off the fetus, they are converted by a computer to an image that can be viewed on a screen
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Ultrasound
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Males begin producing sperm ____, whereas females produce ova ____
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at puberty; while in the womb
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It has been discovered that the fetus responds to sound at the end of the sixth month. What sound does the fetus prefer at this time?
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its mother's voice
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Which of the following have a 100% genetic similarity to each other?
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monozygotic twins
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According to the text, chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _____.
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DNA
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The use of fertility drugs increases the likelihood of all of the following except ____.
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decreased bone density
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Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome?
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23,000
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An infant born with facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems, such as mental retardation, has characteristics of which of the following?
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fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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Who devised the Apgar scale?
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Dr. Virginia Apgar
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What is one of the most important indicators of a neonate's survival and healthy development?
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birth weight
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Whereas adults typically spend about 20% of their time in REM sleep, what percentage of time do neonates spend in REM sleep?
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50%
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Your friend just brought her newborn home and was very concerned that her baby's head was not right. There were two spots that seemed like the skull did not close. She thinks that there is a problem; what do you think?
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There is no problem. Those spots are fontanels and are supposed to be there.
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How long will it take before the pieces of the skull grow together and the fontanels disappear?
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18 months
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Breast-feeding in developing countries is extremely important. UNICEF estimates that ____ babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed
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1.5 million
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According to the text, what are neonates who weigh less than 90% of what they should for their gestational age referred to as?
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small for date
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Why is a neonate rated on the Apgar scoring system at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth?
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A neonate's condition can change quickly.
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Which the following are three major benefits of breast-feeding?
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the passing of antibodies, increased cognitive development, and reduced childhood obesity
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What did the research examining the concept of bonding in humans discover?
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that not bonding immediately with a caregiver after birth does not cause developmental problems later in life for infants
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On average, how long does the second stage of the birth process, delivery, last?
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30 minutes–1 hour
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In developed countries prior to the 1960s, who was excluded from childbirth?
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fathers
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According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breast-feed for a period of ____.
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2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months
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What term refers to the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations?
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habituation
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What is the still-face paradigm?
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a research method in which parents are to show no emotion
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Having only used his own children as subjects, Piaget greatly underestimated the influence of ____ on cognitive development.
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culture
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It is known that malnutrition leads to ____.
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poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence
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What measure positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy?
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speed of habituation
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Chess and Thomas (1984) classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?
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Temperament in infancy predicted later development.
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According to Piaget, when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, what has occurred?
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assimilation
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If one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration, one might predict which of the following outcomes?
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a child who is defiant and disobedient
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____ refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions.
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Sociability
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In recent decades, research has determined that Piaget's theory was very useful in terms of ____.
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its overall description of infant cognitive development
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Because they are a way of processing and organizing information, reflexes are a type of ____.
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scheme
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Dishabituation is defined as ____.
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the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus
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Your friend has a 6-month-old daughter who is has been a really good baby, but now she is irritable and is reluctant to bottle-feed. She thinks that she is doing something wrong as a mother. What would you tell her? Her daughter is ____.
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probably teething
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